<p>Timber Ridge is a mountain ridge of the Ridge-and-valley Appalachians straddling the USA states of Virginia and West Virginia. Timber Ridge extends from the forks of Sleepy Creek at Stotlers Crossroads in Morgan County, West Virginia, to Lehew in Hampshire County, West Virginia. The ridge is predominantly forested, as its name suggests, with the exception of a number of orchards and open fields. From WV 127/VA 127 at Good to Lehew, Timber Ridge serves as the boundary line between Hampshire County, West Virginia, and Frederick County, Virginia.</p><br>
<h2>Summits and knobs</h2><br>
<p>Although Timber Ridge is a continuous mountain ridge, it is made up of a number of summits and knobs with individual names. These include:</p><br>
<p>Chine Spring Knob, 1,312 feet (400 m)</p><br>
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<p>Shockoe Bottom is an area in Richmond, Virginia, just east of downtown, along the James River. Located between Shockoe Hill and Church Hill, Shockoe Bottom contains much of the land included in Colonel William Mayos 1737 plan of Richmond, making it one of the citys oldest neighborhoods.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Shockoe Bottom began developing in the late 18th century following the move of the state capital to Richmond, aided by the construction of Mayo&#39;s bridge across the James River (ultimately succeeded by the modern 14th Street Bridge), as well as the siting of key tobacco industry structures, such as the public warehouse, tobacco scales, and the Federal Customs House in or near the district.</p><br>
<p>Shockoe Bottom is also home to several historic sites and buildings, including the Edgar Allan Poe Museum and the Mason&#39;s Hall, which was built between 1785 and 1787.</p><br>
<p>Throughout the 19th Century, Shockoe Bottom was the center of Richmond&#39;s commerce with ships pulling into port from the James River. Goods coming off these ships were warehoused and traded in Shockoe Valley.</p><br>
<p>Between the late 17th century and the end of the American Civil War in 1865, the area played a major role in the history of slavery in the United States, serving as the second largest slave trading center in the country, second to New Orleans. Profits from the trade in human beings fueled the creation of wealth for Southern whites and drove the economy in Richmond, leading 15th Street to be known as Wall Street in the antebellum period, with the surrounding blocks home to more than 69 slave dealers and auction houses. In 2006, archaeological excavations were begun on the former site of Lumpkin&#39;s jail. Nearby is the African American Burial Ground, long used as a commercial parking lot, most recently by Virginia Commonwealth University, a state institution. It was reclaimed in 2011 after a decade-long community organizing campaign and today is a memorial park.</p><br>
<p>On the eve of the fall of Richmond to the Union Army in April 1865, evacuating Confederate forces were ordered to set fire to the citys tobacco warehouses. The fires spread, and completely destroyed Shockoe Slip and several other districts. The district was quickly rebuilt in the late 1860s, flourishing further in the 1870s, and forming much of its present historic building stock. It warehoused many of the citys goods, mostly tobacco. The district began declining in the 1920s, as other areas of the city rose in prominence with the advent of the automobile. Numerous structures would be demolished and cleared, including (in the 1950s), the Tobacco Exchange, which had been at the heart of the district. Up until they moved from Tobacco Row in the 1980s, the area was home to many of the country&#39;s largest tobacco companies.</p><br>
<h2>Redevelopment</h2><br>
<p>Shockoe Bottom became a major entertainment and arts district in the last two decades of the 20th century. One of the citys major art galleries, known as 1708, was positioned at 1708 East Main Street and named for its location. 1708 Gallery was followed by Artspace 1306 Gallery, which moved from 1306 East Cary Street in Shockoe Slip to just around the corner from 1708 at North 18th Street. Other galleries and studios were located in a massive old tobacco warehouse converted into the Tobacco Warehouse Arts Center. None of these galleries still exist in Shockoe Bottom. Artspace 1306 moved to Broad Street, changing its name simply to Artspace, and was followed by 1708 Gallery to Broad St., where 1708 remains in its second Broad Street location. From 6 East Broad, Artspace moved to Plant Zero, an arts complex south of the James River, and six of Artspaces founders and members remained at the 6 East Broad location to start Art6 Gallery. The owners and management of the Tobacco Warehouse Arts Center re-located to Petersburg, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>After centuries of periodic flooding by the James River, development was greatly stimulated by the completion of Richmond&#39;s James River Flood Wall and the Canal Walk in 1995. Ironically, the next flooding disaster came not from the river, but from Hurricane Gaston, which brought extensive local tributary flooding along the basin of Shockoe Creek and did extensive damage to the area in 2004, with businesses being shut down and many buildings condemned.</p><br>
<p>A major boom in residential growth was created in the mid-1990s when old warehouses in Tobacco Row were converted into apartments. Since then, more vacant buildings have been replaced with residential dwellings and new ones have been built.</p><br>
<p>The National Trust for Historic Preservation named Shockoe Bottom one of America’s 11 Most Endangered Historic Places in 2014 and a National Treasure shortly thereafter because of “Revitalize RVA,” the controversial plan to construct a minor league baseball stadium, a Hyatt hotel, a Kroger grocery store, and residential and commercial office space at the site.</p><br>
<p>Shockoe Slip is a district in the downtown area of Richmond, Virginia. The name "slip" referred to a narrow passageway leading from Main Street to where goods were loaded and unloaded from the former James River and Kanawha Canal. The rough boundaries of Shockoe Slip include 14th Street, Main Street, Canal Street and 12th Street.</p><br>
<p>Architecturally, many of the buildings in Shockoe Slip were constructed during the rebuilding following the Evacuation Fire of 1865, especially in a commercial variant of the Italianate style. It is centered on a 1909 fountain, dedicated to "one who loved animals." The buildings in the district, which historically housed a variety of offices, wholesale and retail establishments, are now primarily restaurants, shops, offices, and apartments.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Shockoe Slip began developing in the late 18th century following the move of the state capital to Richmond, aided by the construction of Mayo&#39;s bridge across the James River (ultimately succeeded by the modern 14th Street Bridge), as well as the siting of key tobacco industry structures, such as the public warehouse, tobacco scales, and the Federal Customs House in or near the district.</p><br>
<p>On the eve of the fall of Richmond to the Union Army in April 1865, evacuating Confederate forces were ordered to set fire to the city&#39;s tobacco warehouses. The fires spread, and completely destroyed Shockoe Slip and several other districts. The district was quickly rebuilt in the late 1860s, flourishing further in the 1870s, and forming much of its present historic building stock.</p><br>
<p>The district began declining in the 1920s, as other areas of the city rose in prominence with the advent of the automobile. Numerous structures would be demolished and cleared, including (in the 1950s), the Tobacco Exchange, which had been at the heart of the district.</p><br>
<h3>Redevelopment: 1970s to present</h3><br>
<p>Beginning in the 1960s and accelerating in the 1970s, Shockoe Slip was redeveloped as a commercial and entertainment district; the nightlife district came just after Richmond passed liquor-by-the-drink laws, and when the so-called fern bar became popular across the United States. The restoration came at the time of an increased interest in historic preservation around the time of the Bicentennial, with the district being added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. Early pioneer restaurants included The Tobacco Company, Stuffys Going Bananas, Commercial Cafe and Sam Millers, the last two being revived restaurant names from Richmond&#39;s 19th century.</p><br>
<p>One of the earliest and oldest of Richmond&#39;s artist-run galleries, was Artspace 1306 located at 1306 East Cary Street in Shockoe Slip. Artspace 1306 retained its original name when the gallery moved to North 18th Street in Shockoe Bottom. Only when Artspace 1306 moved to 6 East Broad Street did the gallery drop the original address from its name. The Broad Street location became the home of another 501 C-3 gallery, Art6 Gallery, when Artspace moved to Plant Zero in the Manchester area of the city.</p><br>
<p>Shockoe Slip also included some of the earliest rehabilitated downtown apartments; at the time of the restoration asphalt paving was removed to expose historic Belgian block streets.</p><br>
<p>Shockoe Slip continues to be a popular place to live and work. The Martin Agency has maintained its headquarters in Shockoe Slip since 1997. In 2015 digital marketing agency Workshop Digital relocated to the Turning Basin Building in Shockoe Slip, and in 2016 CarMax relocated 125 designers, developers, and programmers to the adjacent Lady Byrd Hat building. Residential development surrounding the James River continues with the influx of students and professionals and an increased interest in urban living.</p><br>
<p>Shockoe Slip was the site of the passage of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom. To commemorate this event the First Freedom Center opened there in 2015.</p><br>
<p>The Capitol Theater was located at 542 State Street in Salem, Oregon, United States. Part of the Bligh Building, it was built in the 1920s for vaudeville. During its heyday, it housed a Wurlitzer pipe organ, which is now in private ownership in Washington.</p><br>
<h2>Bligh Building and Capitol Theater</h2><br>
<p>The building, constructed in 1926 for owner Frank D. Bligh, covered a quarter of a block. At the time it was built, it had twelve storefronts and thirty-five rooms designed for offices, as well as what was known at the time as the New Bligh Capitol Theater, with 1,200 seats. Bligh owned several theaters in Salem, including the original Bligh Theater built in 1912 and closed in 1927. For a time Bligh owned the Klinger Grand Theater, which he also renamed Bligh Theater. The Capitol Theater&#39;s brightly lit marquee was constructed of stained glass in the shape of the dome of the second Oregon State Capitol building, which was destroyed in a 1935 fire.</p><br>
<h2>Decline and demolition</h2><br>
<p>The theater converted from vaudeville to movies. By 1952 the glass dome marquee had been replaced. By the 1980s, it was one of only two pre-World War II theaters left in downtown Salem, which had once hosted as many as eight. Like its neighbor, the Elsinore Theatre, the Capitol declined to a second-run movie house. It was closed in 1990.</p><br>
<p>The Capitol Theater was demolished in May/June 2000 because of structural decay. The location is now a parking lot, however, the adjoining office and retail space remains. This retail building, known as the Bligh Building and currently as the Pacific Building, is a contributing property of the Salem Downtown State Street-Commercial Street Historic District, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Theater organ</h2><br>
<p>The theaters 3/8 (3-manual/8-rank) "Mighty Wurlitzer" theatre organ was installed in 1926. In 1941, the organ was moved to Seattles Civic Ice Arena. In 1964-65, the organ was moved to the Seattle Center Food Circus. It was sold at auction in 1976, and is currently installed in a private home in Washington, combined with parts from Portland&#39;s Majestic/United Artists Theatre organ to make a 3/18 Wurlitzer.</p><br>
<p>Chivateros is an ancient stone tool quarry and associated workshop located near the mouth of the Chillón river in the Ventanilla District, northwest of Lima, Peru.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological site</h2><br>
<p>Excavations were led by archaeologists Thomas C. Patterson and Edward P. Lanning in 1963 and 1966, who noticed three cultural assemblages in the Chillón valley and uncovered large quantities of debris of lithic artifact production, initially interpreted as lithic instruments (hand axes, spearheads, scrapers, etc.).</p><br>
<p>An area of coastal lomas (areas of fog vegetation), excavations revealed a lithic flake industry as early as the Late Pleistocene, dating between 9,000 and 11,000 years ago. Wood fragments helped define a Chivateros I period of 9500-8000 BC. There is also a red zone with some flint chips which, by comparison of artifacts of the nearby Oquendo workshop, dates to pre-10,500 BC. The whole industry is characterized by burins and bifaces with the upper-level (Chinateros II) containing long, keeled, leaf-shaped projectile points which resemble points from both Lauricocha II and El Jobo. Dating has been aided by the deposition of both loess and salt crust layers which suggest alternating dryness and humidity and which can be synchronized with glacial activity in the Northern Hemisphere.</p><br>
<p>For a long time it was mistakenly regarded as the greatest lithic workshop in Peru, when in reality it is a large area of canteo, that is to say, a place or quarry where groups of hunter-gatherers paijanenses were supplied with raw materials of the place, in order to make pedunculated tips, known as tips paijanenses or tips Paiján. Popularly the old inhabitant of this area has been called as the Chivateros man.</p><br>
<p>Exploration of the site&#39;s vicinity, the area near the mouth of the Chillon River and the desert around Ancon, revealed a large settlement complex of ancient hunter-gatherers near the quarries and quarry workshop. Among them are Cerro Chivateros, Cerro Oquendo and La Pampilla.</p><br>
<p>The stratigraphic sequence:</p><br>
<p>Red Zone (12,000 - 10,500 BC)</p><br>
<p>Oquendo (10,500 - 9,500 BC)</p><br>
<p>Chivateros I (9,500 - 8,000 BC)</p><br>
<p>Chivateros II (8,000 - 6,000 BC)</p><br>
<p>Chivateros was dated by samples of non-carbonized wood associated with the final phase of Chivateros I.</p><br>
<p>Subsequent surveys of French archaeologist Claude Chauchat, in the 1970s, came up with the finding similar sites Chivateros in Cupisnique, managing associate with workshops stemmed points of Paijanense with a dating going back to the eighth millennium BC Later works have It is possible to know that sites on the north coast, of the Chivateros type, date back to the tenth millennium BC.</p><br>
<h2>It is a quarry</h2><br>
<p>Chivateros was initially defined as a gigantic lithic workshop of the Paleolithic. They identified these lithic pieces, made of quartzite, like knives, scrapers, arrowheads and hand axes. Moreover, they established a factual differentiation between what they called Chivateros I and Chivateros II, establishing equivalents in other points of America.</p><br>
<p>Thanks to the works of Chauchat in Cupisnique and Chicama, this interpretation has already been overcome. This archaeologist has determined that Chivateros was actually a quarry, and that there was not only one site of this type, but many Chivateros sites, for much of the Peruvian coast and Yungas (which have been baptized as Chivateros quarries), where groups of hunter-gatherers were supplied raw materials, partially processed rock and took her to their workshops located close to their homes or near the quarries already mentioned.</p><br>
<p>The most notorious material of these quarries are the Chivateros preforms (erroneously called by Lanning as "Axes of Hand" and "Spearheads"), which were the first outline of pedunculate tips. The rest of lithic materials are nothing more than wastes of the activity of carving and edging.</p><br>
<p>People who provisioned the raw material Chivateros hill, lived in Pampa Piedras Gordas and in Carabayllo, where Lanning found his workshops and housing areas, baptizing as Lítico Light Complex. There preforms Chivateros type was processed to be converted into pedunculadas tips type Paijanense. This tradition spread along the Peruvian coast from Lambayeque to Ica and covers between 10,000 BC to 6000 BC.</p><br>
<h2>Current status</h2><br>
<p>Since its discovery in the 1960s, Chivateros was constantly plundered by collectors, school and general population to obtain some lithic artifact. In spite of its importance, the Peruvian government never took any plan of care of the site. Subsequently, the activity of private companies and the illegal occupation of land by traffickers has destroyed most of this important archaeological site.</p><br>
<p>Mahé River , is a river in South India. It flows through the state of Kerala and the coastal exclave of Mahé in Puducherry.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The river originates in the hills of Wayanad in the Western Ghats, and traverses a total length of 54 km (33.5 mi) before culminating in the Arabian Sea at Mahé. The river passes through the villages of Naripetta, Vanimel, Iyyancode, Iringanoor, Tripangathur, Peringalam, Edachery, Kacheri, Eramala, PARAKKADAVU Kariyad, Olavilam, Kunnumakkara, Azhiyoor and Mahé, thus covering an area of 394 km². The northern boundary of Mahé Town is defined by the river.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>The influence on the economy of the region traversed by the river is very little. The river has been used for inland navigation and transportation of articles from interior villages to Mahe and back, in olden days. The government of Puducherry has planned to build a fishing harbour at the estuary of the river. However owing to technical reasons the harbour, which is under construction, is on the beach adjacent to the estuary. To enhance tourist potential of Mahe a Riverside Walkway, originating from the Water Sports Complex at Manjakkal, Mahe, on the banks of the river stretching out to the breakwater of the is also being built by the government of Puducherry.</p><br>
<h2>Trivia</h2><br>
<p>M. Mukundans magnum opus novel Mayyazhippuzhayude Theerangalil (P. 1974; Malayalam for "On the banks of the Mahé River"), celebrates this river. Mayyazhi river known as the "English channel" in India during the period of British rule, because it separated British-ruled Tellicherry from French-ruled Mahé. It is the most polluted river in Gods Own Country.</p><br>
<p>Château d&#39;Ancy-le-Franc is a Renaissance-style château of the 16th century located in the town of Ancy-le-Franc in the department of Yonne, in France.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The site was originally occupied by a 12th-century fort, which survived until the end of the sixteenth century.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the existing château began in 1544, at the request of Antoine III de Clermont, brother-in-law of Diane de Poitiers and son of Anne de Husson, countess of Tonnerre. The design of the building is traditionally attributed to the Italian architect Sebastiano Serlio, who had been invited to France by King Francis I. Following Serlio&#39;s death in 1554 at Fontainebleau, architect Pierre Lescot, took over the work, respecting the original plans of Serlio. The interior design is the work of Francesco Primaticcio, who was working at château de Fontainebleau at the time.</p><br>
<p>Antoine de Clermont died in 1578 and his grandson Charles-Henri de Clermont, completed the interior. Fully completed, the château was now able to host prestigious guests such as Henry III (brief visit), Henri IV in 1591, Louis XIII in 1631 and Louis XIV in 1674.</p><br>
<p>In 1683, the Clermont-Tonnerre family was forced to sell the land of Ancy-le-Franc and the château to François-Michel Le Tellier, minister of Louis XIV. The following year, Louvois acquired the entire County of Tonnerre, (including the including Château de Maulnes). Following this, he employed well-known landscape architect André Le Nôtre for creating pathways and gardens within the grounds.</p><br>
<p>After the French Revolution, the family managed to regain possession of the château. He restored the grounds as well as the interior of the château to its former glory.</p><br>
<p>In 1844, Ancy-le-Franc was sold to Louis Aimé Gaspard de Clermont-Tonnerre, a descendant of Antoine III of Clermont. It then passed between various hands, including those of the princes of Merode.</p><br>
<p>The château is currently owned by a private company, Société Paris Investir SAS, which undertook its restoration, and recognition as a national historical monument.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The architecture of the château is the result of a mixture of French and Italian styles, a consequence of compromise between the French owner and Italian architect.</p><br>
<p>The château is built on a rectangular central plan. Four houses form a square and are each flanked by a projecting pavilion walls. This plan is based on plans called "pi" widely used in France at that time. Serlio separated the two levels by a wide ledge upon which the second level bays. Tuscan columns were used on the main level and Doric columns were used on the second level. On both levels, the bays were framed by pilasters. While there are currently windows within each bay, this was not originally the case. Serlio wanted to create a rhythm alternating between open windows and empty bays. Additional windows filled all the empty bays in the 17th century.</p><br>
<p>For the facade of the interior, Serlio used Corinthian columns on the first level and Composite columns on the second level. Again, he created a rhythm alternating between open windows and niches framed by pilasters. These niches are adorned with an inner shell. Serlio created a triple arcade on the ground floor, reminiscent of the Villa Madama.</p><br>
<p>Serlio was able to comply with the weight requirements of the building and it&#39;s steeply pitched roof in a manner similar to the Château de Villandry, using limestone from Burgundy.</p><br>
<p>Inside the château there are murals from drawings of Primaticcio or Niccolò dell&#39;Abbate, as well as coffered ceilings, fine wood carvings, and various colorful ornaments.</p><br>
<p>Thurstonfield Lough  is the largest, species-rich area of open water in the lowlands of north and east Cumbria, England. Within this area it supports some of the best examples of a range of vegetation types: from the submerged aquatics through an extensive fringing marsh to good wet sallow and alder woodland. The Lough lies in the Solway Plain of north Cumbria, 5 km west of the city of Carlisle. It is formed in boulder clay and is thought to be a natural feature although the water levels are now controlled by sluice. In addition to its vegetation interest the Lough is relatively undisturbed and supports a notable invertebrate fauna and a good range of waterfowl.</p><br>
<p>Thurstonfield Lough was used as the header tank for the water courses which run toward the Solway Firth. These streams powered corn mills, with different mills working on different days of the week to maintain the flow of water. The establishment of the Lough and its sluice, which still survives today, provided water to the mills even in times of low rainfall. This water management allowed each settlement down stream to run its own mill. It is now run as a holiday business called the Tranquil Otter.</p><br>
<p>Scoat Fell is a fell in the western part of the English Lake District. It stands at the head of the Mosedale Horseshoe with its back to Ennerdale. Paths lead to Scoat Fell from Ennerdale over Steeple, from Wasdale over Red Pike, and along the ridge from Pillar.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The Western Fells occupy a triangular sector of the Lake District, bordered by the River Cocker to the north east and Wasdale to the south east. Westwards the hills diminish toward the coastal plain of Cumberland. At the central hub of the high country are Great Gable and its satellites, while two principal ridges fan out on either flank of Ennerdale, the western fells in effect being a great horseshoe around this long wild valley. Scoat Fell is on the southern arm.</p><br>
<p>The main watershed runs broadly westwards from Great Gable, dividing the headwaters of Ennerdale and Wasdale. The principal fells in this section are Kirk Fell, Pillar, Scoat Fell, Haycock and Caw Fell, followed by the lower Lank Rigg group.</p><br>
<p>Scoat Fell occupies an important position at the crossroads of five ridges. To the east, across the subsidiary top of Black Crag, is Pillar. Southward is a long descending ridge heading toward the shore of Wastwater. The high point is Red Pike, before the terminal height of Yewbarrow. The main watershed continues west to Haycock, while two short spurs jut north into Ennerdale. These are Tewit How which descends from the western end of the plateau and Steeple, running from the summit.</p><br>
<p>As the radial point of so many ridges Scoat Fell forms the head of several valleys, the major ones being the Wasdale feeders of Mosedale and Nether Beck. Mosedale begins on the eastern flanks of Scoat Fell, between Red Pike and Pillar, in the hollow of Black Comb. There are crags in the headwall, particularly to the south. Nether Beck has its birth at Scoat Tarn, a large pool to the south of the fell. This corrie tarn, held in place by grassy moraines is around 65 ft deep. Between Steeple and Pillar to the north is Windgap Cove with Black Crag, a Hewitt at its head. Wind Gap is the col between Black Crag and Pillar, while the small Mirk Cove lies between Black Crag and the summit. Finally Mirklin Cove is the corrie between Steeple and Tewit How, drained into Ennerdale by Low Beck. All of the northern coves are home to impressive crags.</p><br>
<p>Of Scoat Fell&#39;s various satellites, Little Scoat Fell and Black Fell are generally considered to be a part of the parent fell, while Steeple, despite its clearly derivative position, is counted as a separate fell. This is due to its impressive appearance from Ennerdale rather than any great relative height, a triumph of the emotions over logic.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Successive rock strata are displayed along the descending ridge of Tewit How to the north west, displaying the architecture of the fell. At the top is the plagioclase-phyric andesite lava of the Birker Fell Formation, followed by the siltstone, sandstone, conglomerate, tuff and lapilli-tuff of the Eagle Crag Member. Further outcrops of the Birker Fell Formation are followed by a band of dacite before the igneous rocks of the Ennerdale Intrusion complete the picture.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The top is a long plateau, running broadly east to west. Along it runs the stone wall of the Ennerdale fence, crossing the summit exactly. Purists have built a small cairn atop the wall, although a larger edifice lies just to the north, pointing the way to Steeple. The whole area is stony, with fine views into the northern coves. Ordnance Survey maps label the summit as Little Scoat Fell and a small hillock at the western end of the plateau as Great Scoat Fell. These names are based on area rather than height, Great Scoat Fell being 130 ft lower.</p><br>
<p>Pillar reduces the field of view, without showing its better side, but almost the full horseshoe of the Western Fells can be seen. The wall makes it difficult to observe the full panorama from one point.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>From Ennerdale many walkers will ascend indirectly via Steeple, but the ridge of Tewit How can also be used. Wasdale Head can be used as a base, first walking up Mosedale and then climbing up to the ridge via Black Comb. Finally Nether Beck Bridge on the shore of Wastwater provides access via Scoat Tarn onto the southern flanks. From the upper recesses of Nether Beck the walker can aim for either of the cols which connect the objective to Red Pike or Haycock. Perhaps the greatest number of visitors will cross the top as part of the Mosedale Horseshoe, also climbing Red Pike and Pillar.</p><br>
<p>Wenham Lake is a 224-acre body of water located in Wenham and Beverly towns, Essex County, Massachusetts.The lake receives water from the water table and also from a system of streams. In the 19th century, the lake was an important source of ice for export, especially to Britain. Wenham Lake is now a reservoir for the Salem and the Beverly Water Supply Board.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>The lake receives water from the water table and from nearby streams. These flow from Beaver Pond, Norwood Pond and Longham Reservoir through the fields and woods to the east of the lake. The streams are controlled waterways. Drainage into the lake is through a pipe running beneath Route 1A in the vicinity of the golf course to the north of the lake. To the west, near Beverly airport water enters the lake through deeply cut ravines in glacial features forested with hemlock and pine.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Wenham Lake lies in the traditional lands of the Agawam people. The Agwam people recognised tribal ownership of the eastern part of what is now Essex County, Massachusetts. Those lands were ceded to the English in a quitclaim deed made by Chief Masconomet to John Winthrop the Younger. The deed was part of an amalgamation arrangement between remaining Agawam (whose numbers had markedly declined in the 1600s due to disease) and the English colonists of Charlestown, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>Wenham Lake is first found under the name "Great Pond", in the records of Salem, Massachusetts.The lake was the site of the murder of John Hoddy by John Williams. Hoddy&#39;s dog detained Williams until his arrest.</p><br>
<p>In 1638, Hugh Peters, the Puritan minister of the First Church of Salem, delivered a sermon to a small group of settlers on the shore of Wenham Lake. His sermon turned upon "Enon, near Salem, because there was much water there", a biblical reference to. A small settlement nearby was thus named "Enon". The site of the sermon is marked by a stone with an engraved plaque. Enon was officially recognized by the General Court of Massachusetts on November 5, 1639. On May 10, 1643, Enon was incorporated and renamed Wenham. The lake was then named Wenham Lake.</p><br>
<p>In 1846, Benjamin Barker wrote Mornilva, or the outlaw of the forest: a romance of Lake Wenham. He described the lake&#39;s "clear, calm and placid waters, the beautiful and picturesque hills upon its borders, the beautiful evergreen of its dusky pine woods, and above all, the blue canopy of heaven, which overshadows it."</p><br>
<p>In 1877, the Quaker poet John Greenleaf Whittier wrote "The Witch of Wenham" which was set on the shores of Wenham Lake.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1900s, the ornithologist and hunter John Charles Phillips published, "Wenham Great Pond" recounting his time over ten years at Wenham Lake.</p><br>
<h2>Historic uses</h2><br>
<h3>Alewife fishing</h3><br>
<p>In the early colonial times, alewife fishing was an important part of the local economy of Wenham. All the ponds in the region were interconnected through swamps and streams. Wenham Lake was a major alewife spawning ground. The alewife entered the lake via an outlet that emptied into the Miles River. The Miles river joins the Ipswich River giving a drop in elevation of about 34 ft. Alewife harvests continued to be important until the 19th century when dam construction on the Ipswich River and other streams ended the trade. The water of the lake was used to supply a mill via a dam. The outlet was later filled by the roadbed of Route 1A and the land used for the Lakeview Golf Course. Similarly, all the ponds have been protected as part of the drinking water supply.</p><br>
<h3>Ice export</h3><br>
<p>The transatlantic ice trade began in the 1840s. In 1844, the first ice cargo arrived in England from Wenham Lake. The ice of Wenham Lake became famous around the world. It was especially popular in Britain because of its purity and it is even said that Queen Victoria used the ice.</p><br>
<p>The Landers family, owners of the lake&#39;s first ice house, constructed a railroad spur for ice transport. One of its builders of the railroad was Grenville Mullen Dodge. He became a Major General in the Union Army and a central figure in the completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869. The railroad spur became the Beverly-Newburyport commuter rail line. The roadbed of the railroad spur is visible directly behind the fifth hole of the Lakeview Golf Course.</p><br>
<p>A crew of 100 men and 30 to 40 horses was required to harvest the ice. The crew waited for a foot of black ice to form in the lake. Snow was swept off and snow-ice was scraped off by horse-drawn vehicles if necessary. Then, a horse-drawn cutting tool, the marker, scored a grid 2-3 inches deep forming 21-inch squares over two to three acres of ice. Men with saws cut along a line in one direction while men with ice spades knocked the blocks free from the strip. Another crew with ice hooks drew the ice along ramps onto platforms. Full platforms were slid onto sledges for transport to ice houses on the shore. An ice house was built of pine walls filled with sawdust to a thickness of 2 ft. The blocks were packed in sawdust for transport, moved to a train in a special wagon and brought directly to a wharf in Boston. The blocks arrived in Boston within an hour of the cutting with no loss. Transport to Britain by ship lost about a third of the ice.</p><br>
<p>The ice business continued until at least 1912 when John C. Kelleher founded the Beverly Ice Company to harvest the lake&#39;s ice but its end came shortly afterwards.</p><br>
<h2>Modern uses</h2><br>
<h3>Water supply</h3><br>
<p>Wenham Lake was set aside as a water reservoir for the Salem and Beverly Water Supply Board (established 1913). Wenham Lake has been integrated into the local water distribution system.</p><br>
<h3>Recreation</h3><br>
<p>The lake and its shores are not accessible to the general public. Facilities at the southern end are restricted by high fences and kept under surveillance by cameras. The shores of the lake are posted against trespassing. Stands of evergreens left on the knolls surrounding the lake are privately owned. Due to the isolation of the lake bed, migratory birds that were only seen in Wenham Swamp, a mile to the north, now rest and feed in larger numbers in the lake. Even though it is a non-trespassing area, most locals see it as one of the most consistent fishing places in northern Massachusetts.</p><br>
<h2>Environment</h2><br>
<p>In 2001, the Wenham Lake Watershed Association discovered significant contamination of the lake with large deposits of fly ash dating from the 1950s and 1960s. These deposits totalled about 7,800 cubic yards and were more than 3 feet deep in some places. The origin of the fly ash was the nearby Vitale dump. The dump was an abandoned gravel and sand quarry that had illegally stored refuse from coal burned at the Salem Harbor Power Generating Station. In subsequent years the lake has been dredged and is monitored for its long-term health.</p><br>
<p>Kinkaid Lake is a reservoir located in southwestern Illinois. Entirely within Jackson County, the lake is approximately 5 mi northwest of Murphysboro and 100 mi southeast of St. Louis.</p><br>
<h2>History and ownership</h2><br>
<p>Kinkaid Lake was built in 1968 with an average depth of 39 feet, although the area near the dam (on the southernmost tip) is approximately 80 ft deep. The lake encompasses of 2,750 acres (11 km²), which wind around the northwestern hills of Shawnee National Forest. The ownership of the surrounding land is divided among three entities; the Illinois Department of Natural Resources manages approximately 4,000 acres (16 km²), while an additional 5,000 acres (20 km²) are managed by the USA Forest Service. Kinkaid-Reed&#39;s Creek Conservancy District oversees the remaining 300 acres (1.2 km²).</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<h3>Natural features</h3><br>
<p>Topography varies, from sandstone bluff formations to rolling hills surrounding the lake. In the rolling hills, oak and hickory trees predominate. Numerous flat contours are planted with prairie grasses, cool-season grasses, and wildlife food plots.</p><br>
<h3>Camping</h3><br>
<p>Picnic tables, shelters, charcoal grills and restroom facilities are provided at both Johnson Creek Recreation Area and Paul Ice Recreation Area. The second rest area also has playground equipment. Camping is permitted by the USA Forest Service, with locations at the Kinkaid-Reed&#39;s Creek Conservancy District and the Johnson Creek Recreation Area at Kinkaid Village Marina. Kinkaid Village Marina has 28 shaded RV sites with a picnic table and BBQ grill. There is also water,electric, and sewer at each site. In addition, there is over 100 campsites that can be rented on an annual basis. The marina also offers many other conveniences including: a campers store, hot showers, restaurant,free boat docks, boat sales and boat service. For more information call Kinkaid marina at 618-687-4914. Camping is not permitted on any property held by the Department of Natural Resources.</p><br>
<h3>Fishing</h3><br>
<p>Kinkaid Lake provides opportunities for those interested in fishing for largemouth bass, bluegill, crappie, catfish, walleye and muskie types of fish. "Natural strain" muskellunges were first stocked at Kinkaid Lake in 1985, and the lake began producing fish up to 40 inches in length by 1990 (after only five years of growth).</p><br>
<p>In November 1998, construction of a spilling retention barrier was completed. This device was designed to keep the muskies in the lake (when the lake overflows into the spillway), but also offers the added benefit of keeping larger variants of walleye, bass, crappie, and striped bass from escaping.</p><br>
<p>The lake is the home of the Shawnee Chapter of Muskies Inc.</p><br>
<h3>Hunting</h3><br>
<p>Statewide regulations for the state of Illinois govern hunting at the Kinkaid Lake site. Within state regulations and seasons, species commonly available for hunting are deer, turkey, squirrel, quail, rabbit, dove, and waterfowl.</p><br>
<h3>Boating</h3><br>
<p>Four boat ramps are available to the public with a full-service marina also available. No horsepower restrictions apply at these areas, although numerous no-wake areas exist on the lake for safety and other reasons. The IDNR has recently added a 50 mph speed limit during the daytime and 25 mph speed limit at night.</p><br>
<p>Agios Kirykos  is a town and a former municipality on the island of Ikaria, North Aegean, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Ikaria, of which it is a municipal unit. Its population was 3,511 at the 2011 census, and its land area is 74.745 km². It is the administrative capital of Ikaria and the Ikaria regional unit .</p><br>
<p>The municipal unit shares the island of Ikaria with the municipal units of Evdilos and Raches; of the three, it is the largest in population and smallest in land area.</p><br>
<p>It was named after Saint Kirykos or Quiricus, the youngest martyr of the Eastern Orthodox Church, who suffered death at the age of three in Asia Minor. To him is devoted the cathedral church of the town. Agios Kirykos hosts the annual International Chess Tournament, "Ikaros", every July.</p><br>
<p>Points of interest include the old school, the archaeological museum, the traditional square, the brass band performing at feast days since 1928, the stadium in Patela, which hosted the 10th Pan-Aegean Games, the statue of Skepsi (thinking woman), the altar of the flame for the Aerathletic international IKARIADA Games and the Lefkada Annunciation medieval monastery.</p><br>
<p>Karlovasi  is a town and a former municipality on the island of Samos, North Aegean, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Samos, of which it is a municipal unit. It is located on the northwest side of the island. According to the 2011 census, the population of the municipal unit was 9,855 inhabitants. Its land area is 100.330 km². The municipal unit shares the island of Samos with the municipal units of Vathy, Pythagoreio, and Marathokampos.</p><br>
<p>The School of Sciences of University of the Aegean is located in the town and currently there are three academic departments:</p><br>
<p>Department of Mathematics</p><br>
<p>Department of Information and Communication Systems Engineering</p><br>
<p>Department of Statistics and Actuarial - Financial Mathematics</p><br>
<p>There are over 1,000 active students living in the town throughout the year.</p><br>
<p>Karlovasi is a town with a rich cultural and industrial history, being a flourishing tannery and tobacco manufacturing center in the early 1900s. Many magnificent neoclassical mansions can be seen from that period as well as the remains of the large stone-built factories at the "Ormos" seaside.</p><br>
<p>The towns economy shifted to trade after World War II and the collapse of the leather market. Pottery and brick-making became a flourishing business due to the rare quality of the soil in the environs of Karlovasi while the towns market was continuously growing to become the largest and most important in the Island.</p><br>
<p>The connection of the Karlovasi Port with Seferihisar&#39;s Sığacık, in Turkey, brings a large number of travelers in the island.</p><br>
<p>Lykourgos Logothetis, the islands leader during the Greek War of Independence was born here in 1772. Karlovasi is also closely linked to Yiannis Ritsos, one of the countrys most important poets, who spend most of his summers in his Karlovasi house, now the residence of his daughter, author Eri Ritsou.</p><br>
<p>Karlovasi has an unusually large number of almost cathedral-size churches, due to the fact that the modern town was formed by the unification of four smaller ones, all of them hometowns of wealth patrons such as tannery moguls and ship owners. The main touristic sights are the Tannery Museum, the Folklore Museum, the 11th century church of Metamorfosis and the adjoining Venetian castle at Potami. The waterfalls of Potami and the nearby beaches of Mikro and Megalo Seitani are among the islands most popular attractions.</p><br>
<p>Pythagoreio  is a small town and former municipality on the island of Samos, North Aegean, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform, it is part of the municipality Samos, of which it is a municipal unit. Population 7,996 . It is the largest municipal unit in land area on Samos, at 164.662 km&sup2;. It shares the island with the municipal units of Vathy, Karlovasi, and Marathokampos. The archaeological remains in the town, known collectively as Pythagoreion, has designated a joint UNESCO World Heritage Site with nearby Heraion.</p><br>
<p>The seat of the municipality was the town of Pythagorio, formerly known as Tigani. The town was renamed in 1955 to honour the locally born mathematician and philosopher Pythagoras. The port of the town is considered to be the oldest man-made port of the Mediterranean Sea.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Pythagorio is built on the ancient city of Samos. Some ruins of the ancient city are today incorporated in modern houses of Pythagorio. The ancient city reached affluence around 530 B.C. under Polycrates tyrant. At that time Samos became a powerful nautical state. This power led to richness and prosperity, which is evident from great works of the period, such as the great aqueduct (part of it is the Tunnel of Eupalinos), temple of Heraion, and Samos harbour. Today many of these works can be seen in the modern town and nearby area. The ancient fortification also remains.</p><br>
<p>Samos was conquered by Persians and declined for a while. Samos flourished again for two short periods: First during the 3rd century under Ptolemys rule (when lived Aristarchus), and second under Roman rule. The ruins of Roman period are visible today, about half a kilometre west of Pythagorio. The harbour of Samos remained important during Byzantine period. Ruins of the Byzantine period are visible in the area of Logothetis Tower on the west side of the harbour.</p><br>
<p>Samos totally declined during Frangokratia, when the coastal settlements depopulated. In the later Ottoman period the centre of the island was Chora, built inland, 4 km northwest of Pythagorio. During Greek War of Independence the Samian Leader Lykourgos Logothetis built a tower in Pythagorio between 1824 and 1827. In 1831 Logothetis built a church near the tower. Between 1859 and 1866 the new harbour was built in the same place as the ancient harbour, after which the settlement started to develop. The name of new settlement was originally Tigani, a corruption to the Italian “Dogana” that means "customs", but in 1955 renamed to Pythagorio after the name of famous ancient Greek Mathematician and Philosopher from Samos Pythagoras.</p><br>
<h3>Historical population</h3><br>
<h2>Tourism and places of interest</h2><br>
<p>Pythagorio is one of the most toured places of Samos since it has many archaeological sites as well as a big sandy beach. The most important sights in Pythagorio and the nearby area are:</p><br>
<p>Tunnel of Eupalinos: It’s about the most famous sight of Samos. The Tunnel of Eupalinos, 1036 meters long, was part of an ancient aqueduct. It is located about 2 km northwest of Pythagorio.</p><br>
<p>Heraion of Samos: a very important archaeological site, with sanctuaries dedicated to Hera. It is located about 4 km west of Pythagorio and, along with Pythagorio, has been designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.</p><br>
<p>Harbour of ancient Samos: The ancient harbour is located in the same place as the new harbour. Some ruins are visible today. The ancient harbour is referred to by Herodotus, who described it as a great work of Polycrates&#39; period for mostly martial use.</p><br>
<p>Ancient theatre: a theatre of Roman period. It has been renovated and it is used for the local cultural festivals.</p><br>
<h2>Famous people</h2><br>
<p>Aristarchus of Samos, astronomer and mathematician, born in Pythagorio.</p><br>
<p>Pythagoras, mathematician and philosopher, born in Pythagorio c. 580 BC.</p><br>
<p>Cochran Farm, 2900 Ohio 129, Millville, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. The web site of the Ohio Historic Preservation Office of the Ohio Historical Society says "William and Rebecca Cochran came from Adams County, Pennsylvania in 1814. They settled in Hamilton County where they lived until 1825. They then moved to Butler County near Millville. William Cochran owned much property in the area and in 1821 purchased the Millville Mill which had been built by Joel Williams in 1805". The couple "had three sons; one, James W. Cochran, later took over ownership of the mill and settled just west of the town of Millville. He married Mary June Hill and the couple had seven children. The youngest of these lived in the home until his death in 1946. The property is owned by his daughters. The house, dairy and barns, essentially unaltered, are a fine example of a mid 19th century farm group in southern Ohio."</p><br>
<p>Aigai, also Aigaiai  was an ancient Greek, later Roman , city and bishopric in Aeolis. Aegae is mentioned by both Herodotus and Strabo as being a member of the Aeolian dodecapolis. It was also an important sanctuary of Apollo. Aigai had its brightest period under the Attalid dynasty, which ruled from nearby Pergamon in the 3rd and 2nd century BC.</p><br>
<p>The remains of the city are located near the modern village of Yuntdağı Köseler in Manisa Province, Turkey. The archaeological site is situated at a rather high altitude almost on top of Mount Gün (Dağı), part of the mountain chain of Yunt (Dağları).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Initially the city was a possession of the Lydian Empire and later the Achaemenid Empire when it conquered the former. In the early third century BC it became part of the Kingdom of Pergamon. It changed hands from Pergamon to the Seleucid Empire, but was recaptured by Attalus I of Pergamon in 218 BC.</p><br>
<p>In the war between Bithynia and Pergamon, it was destroyed by Prusias II of Bithynia in 156 BC. After a peace was brokered by the Romans, the city was compensated with hundred talents. Under the rule of Pergamon a market building and a temple to Apollo were constructed.</p><br>
<p>In 129 BC the Kingdom of Pergamon became part of the Roman Empire. The city was destroyed by an earthquake in 17 AD and received aid for reconstruction from emperor Tiberius.</p><br>
<h2>Ecclesiastical History</h2><br>
<p>Ægæ was important enough in the Roman province of Asia Prima to become one of the many suffragans of its capital Ephesus&#39;s Metropolitan Archbishopric; but it as to fade.</p><br>
<h3>Titular see</h3><br>
<p>The diocese was nominally restored in 1933 as titular bishopric.</p><br>
<p>It is vacant since decades, having had the following incumbents, all of the lowest (episcopal) rank :</p><br>
<p>Titular Bishop Gérard-Marie Coderre (1951.07.05 – 1955.02.03)</p><br>
<p>Titular Bishop Marius Paré (1956.02.07 – 1961.02.18)</p><br>
<p>Titular Bishop Cornélio Chizzini, Sons of Divine Providence (F.D.P.) (1962.04.12 – 1978.05.26)</p><br>
<h2>Remains</h2><br>
<h3>Layout</h3><br>
<p>The city is situated on a plateau at the summit of the steep Gün Dağı mountain, which can be climbed from the north. The plateau is surrounded by a wall with a length of 1.5 kilometers. On the eastern side are the remains of the three-story indoor market with a height of 11 meters and a length of 82 meters. The upper floor of the Hellenistic building was renovated in Roman times. The partially overgrown remains of many other buildings are scattered over the site. These include the acropolis which is laid out in terraces, a Macellum, a gymnasium, a bouleuterion and the foundations of three temples.</p><br>
<p>About five kilometers to the east the foundations of a sanctuary of Apollo are found on the banks of the river which flows around the ruins. It was an Ionic order peripteros temple from the first century BC. A cella which is six meters high and three monoliths still remain.</p><br>
<h3>Excavation history</h3><br>
<p>The first western visitors of Aigai were William Mitchell Ramsay and Salomon Reinach in 1880. They reported about their visit in the Journal of Hellenic Studies and the Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique. They were followed by Richard Bohn and Carl Schuchhardt, who examined the site as a part of the excavations in Pergamon.</p><br>
<p>Since 2004 the site is being excavated by Ersin Doğer of Ege University in Izmir. By 2010 the access road, the bouleuterion, the odeon, shops, numerous water pipes and large parts of the market hall were uncovered. For the coming years it is planned to re-erect the market hall&#39;s facade with the original stones.</p><br>
<p>Culbertson Mansion State Historic Site is located in New Albany, Indiana by the Ohio River. It was the home of William Culbertson, who was once the richest man in Indiana. Built in 1867 at a cost of $120,000, this Second Empire-style mansion has 25-rooms within 20,000 ft&sup2, and was completed in November 1869. It was designed by James T. Banes, a local architect. Features within the three-story edifice include hand-painted ceilings and walls, frescoed ceilings, carved rosewood-grained staircase, marble fireplaces, wallpaper of fabric-quality, and crystal chandeliers. The original tin roof was imported from Scotland. The displays within the mansion feature the Culbertson family and the restoration of the building. The rooms on the tour are the formal parlors, dining rooms, bedrooms, kitchen, and laundry room.</p><br>
<p>In its heyday, a railroad ran behind the house (Culbertson had sold land to the railroad), and a streetcar ran from his house towards downtown New Albany.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>After Culbertsons death, he willed the home to his third wife, who auctioned off the house and contents in 1899 to John McDonald, also a resident of New Albany, for $7,100. Upon his death, the American Legion obtained it from McDonalds daughter, Mrs. Helen Croxall. The Legion would make extensive changes to the mansion, making it more suitable for a meeting place.</p><br>
<p>After several different owners, in the 1960s the mansion was in danger of being torn down, in order to put in its place a gas station. Instead, a local historic group called Historic New Albany purchased the mansion in 1964 from the American Legion for $24,000.00. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 and became a part of the Indiana State Museum and Historic Sites in 1976.</p><br>
<p>In 1985 the tradition of having a haunted house started, and for the first two years the Mansion itself was used, using 10 people to acquire $500 as part of a Spook Run. Starting in 1987, the Carriage House of the Mansion has served as the haunted house. Today, the Haunted House requires 100 volunteers.</p><br>
<p>The Culbertson Mansion performs historic restoration rather than renovation to protect the historical integrity of the home. The eventual goal is to return the mansion to its 1869 appearance, barring necessary newer items such as electricity and bathrooms.</p><br>
<p>It is open for daily tours, April 1 through mid-December for a nominal fee. Funds for restoration are raised by a non-profit group called The Friends of Culbertson Mansion, Inc., as well as the staff of the mansion itself. The Friends not only operate the Haunted House, but hold an herb sale annually in May.</p><br>
<p>File:Culbertson carriage barn.JPGCarriage barn</p><br>
<p>File:Culbertson back entrance.JPGBack entrance to the Mansion</p><br>
<p>Chiles is a volcano on the border of Colombia and Ecuador. It lies 3 km south-east of the volcano Cerro Negro de Mayasquer, and the two peaks are considered part of the same Chiles-Cerro Negro volcanic complex. The volcanoes, together with the Cumbal are andesitic in rock type. A 1936 eruption reported by the Colombian government agency Ingeominas may have been from the Ecuadorean volcano Reventador, otherwise the volcano has not erupted for around 160,000 years.</p><br>
<h2>Recent activity</h2><br>
<p>On 20 October 2014, the Servicio Geológico Colombiano (SGC) reported that a M 5.8 earthquake, the largest to date, occurred in the vicinity of the Cerro Negro de Mayasquer and Chiles volcanoes at a depth of less than 10 km. The event was felt to the north in Pasto, Colombia, and to the south in Quito, Ecuador.</p><br>
<p>On 21 October 2014 SGC raised the alert level for the volcanic complex to orange (level 3 of 4) noting that a seismic swarm characterized by 4,300 earthquakes was detected in an 18-hour period. Hypocenters were located 1–4 km southwest of Chiles volcano at depths of 3–5 km and local magnitudes between M 0.2 and 4.5. Inhabitants felt 11 of the events. On 22 October a report noted that the total number of earthquakes recorded on 21 October 2014 reached 7,717, which was the largest number of earthquakes recorded on one day since the installation of a local seismic network in November 2013. Several swarms have occurred in the area since February 2013. By the end of November 2014 over 132,000 earthquakes occurred within a narrow area.5 – 6 km SW of the summit of Chiles.</p><br>
<p>The Bouwerie Lane Theatre is a former bank building which became an Off-Broadway theatre, located at 330 Bowery at Bond Street in Manhattan, New York City. It is located in the NoHo Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The cast-iron building, which was constructed from 1873-1874, was designed by Henry Engelbert in the Italianate style for the Atlantic Savings Bank, which became the Bond Street Saving Bank before the building was completed. When the bank failed in 1879, the building was sold to the German Exchange Bank, which served the German immigrant community. Prior to the 1960s, the building was used for the storage of fabrics. Then in 1963, the building was converted into a theater by Honey Waldman, who produced several plays there. From 1974 to 2006, it was the home of the Jean Cocteau Repertory Theatre.</p><br>
<p>Among the many plays and musicals that were produced at the theatre, the first was The Immoralist (1963) with Frank Langella, Dames at Sea (1968), Night and Day (2000) by Tom Stoppard, Brechts The Threepenny Opera (2003), and the Cocteaus final production, Jean Genet&#39;s The Maids X 2 (2006).</p><br>
<p>The building was purchased by Adam Gordon in 2007 for conversion into a private mansion with a climbing wall, and the Bowery street front used for retail.</p><br>
<p>In 1967, the building was designated a New York City landmark, and it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. The AIA Guide to New York City calls it "One of the most sophisticated cast-iron buildings."</p><br>
<p>Pharpar  is a biblical river in Syria. It is the less important of the two rivers of Damascus mentioned in the Book of Kings , now generally identified with the A`waj , though if the reference to Damascus be limited to the city, as in the Arabic version of the Old Testament, Pharpar would be the modern Taura. In the early Baedeker Guides it was identified as the Al-Sabirani, a fairly downstream tributary of the A`waj. The stream runs from west to east, flowing from Hermon south of Damascus, and like its companion Abana River travels across the plain of Damascus, which owes to them much of its fertility. The river loses itself in marshes, or Lakes of the Marj, as they are called, on the borders of the great Arabian desert.</p><br>
<p>John MacGregor, who gives an interesting description of it in his book "Rob Roy on the Jordan", affirmed that as a work of hydraulic engineering, the system and construction of the canals, by which the Pharpar and Abana were used for irrigation, might be considered as one of the most complete and extensive in the world. In the Bible, Naaman exclaims that the Abana and Pharpar are greater than all the waters of Israel (2 Kings 5:12).</p><br>
<p>Lingmell is a fell in the English Lake District, standing above the village of Wasdale Head. It is an outlier on the north-west flank of Scafell Pike, England’s highest mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>Although standing in the shadow of its taller parent, Lingmell is very much a separate entity. In the manner of many fells it displays two contrasting aspects. The southern and western slopes– although steep– are smooth and rounded, while the northern and eastern faces fall as crags directly from the summit. The northern crag drops for a thousand feet toward the valley floor, with a further thousand feet of scree below.</p><br>
<p>The connection to Scafell Pike is via Lingmell Col, a grassy depression at 2,410 ft. Flowing west from the col is Lingmell Gill, descending through Hollow Stones to Brackenclose at the head of Wast Water. To the east of Lingmell Col runs Piers Gill, a stream descending from high on the Scafells. This flows right around the northern perimeter of Lingmell, finally entering Wast Water as Lingmell Beck, only a short distance from the entry point of Lingmell Gill. These two streams which girdle the fell both run through wide boulder strewn courses, evidence of flash flooding and the endless fall of rocks from the upper slopes.</p><br>
<p>Lingmell sends out a long shoulder westward between the two streams. The southern face of this, riven with scree on its slow tumbling journey into Lingmell Gill is named Lingmell Scars. At the top of the shoulder are the many outcrops of Goat Crags.</p><br>
<p>Piers Gill runs below the eastern crags of Lingmell in a deep ravine, one of the finest in the District. Averaging about 30 ft, but much deeper in places, it pursues an L-shaped course down the fellside before emerging from its cutting to merge with Greta Gill. The scenery of Piers Gill and Lingmell from the Corridor Route ascent of Scafell Pike is remarkable and a faint path follows the eastern bank of the gill giving even more intimate views. The ravine appears to offer access at either end, but ordinary walkers should on no account attempt to follow it. Crossings of the ravine should also be considered impossible for the average hiker.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Lava flows of Scafell Dacite cross the fell, interspersed with andesite and hybridized andesite porphyry.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The summit of Lingmell is directly above the crags on the eastern side, a fine cairn having been constructed to replace the thin column described by Wainwright in the 1960s. This is one of the finest vantage points for Great Gable, a little over a mile to the north. Particularly impressive is the view of the Great Napes, one of the nurseries of the sport of rock climbing. Alfred Wainwright wrote in his Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells of: ‘…the surprising aspect of Great Gable across the deep gulf of Lingmell Beck…the eye being deceived into seeing its half-mile of height as quite perpendicular’. From the summit of Goat Crags to the south is an equally astounding view of Scafell Crag, another early climbers’ playground on Scafell.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>Lingmell is often bypassed by walkers aiming for Scafell Pike and Scafell, but it is a rewarding ascent in its own right, or as part of a circuit of the Scafell range. There are two ascent routes from Wasdale Head, via Brown Tongue or Piers Gill, but the latter route provides better walking and impressive views of the Piers Gill ravine and Great Gable. The ascent from Borrowdale and Styhead Tarn is made by the Corridor Route.</p><br>
<p>Ecclesall Woods is an area of woodland in south-west Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England, between Abbeydale Road South and Ecclesall. It covers approximately 350 acre of mature semi-natural deciduous woodland which was previously used for timber and charcoal, and is currently managed by the city council for the benefit of wildlife and visitor access. There are two roads and over 15 km of public footpaths running through the woods.</p><br>
<p>They are a Local Nature Reserve.</p><br>
<h2>Notable features</h2><br>
<p>There are two mills sited within the woods, and a number of other items of archaeological interest.</p><br>
<h3>Ryecroft Mill</h3><br>
<p>Ryecroft Mill was a water-powered lead smelting mill on the Limb Brook. The mill dates from at least as far back as the 17th century and was used for lead smelting, and later grinding corn.</p><br>
<h3>Ecclesall Woods Sawmill</h3><br>
<p>There is a modern sawmill within the woods, which was built after extensive storm damage to trees in 1962. It is operated by a private company, but there are plans to use it as both a working sawmill and an information centre.</p><br>
<h3>Ryecroft Bridge</h3><br>
<p>The stone bridge over the Ryecroft Brook is a Grade II listed building.</p><br>
<h3>Q pits</h3><br>
<p>There are a hundred charcoal hearths and two hundred Q pits, believed to have been used for manufacture of white coal.</p><br>
<h3>Charcoal burner's grave</h3><br>
<p>There is a grave site, commemorating the death of one George Yardley who was burned to death in his cabin in 1786. The grave is a grade II listed building.</p><br>
<h3>Prehistoric carved stone</h3><br>
<p>A cup and ring-marked stone was discovered in 1981, and has been dated to the late Neolithic or Bronze Age periods. It, and an area around it of 2 m diameter, is a scheduled ancient monument.</p><br>
<p>The General Israel Putnam House in Danvers, Massachusetts, United States, is a historic First Period house recorded in the National Register of Historic Places. The house is also sometimes known as the Thomas Putnam House after Lt. Thomas Putnam , who built the home circa 1648. His grandson, Israel Putnam, the famous general of the American Revolution, was born in the house. Lt. Thomas Putnam was the father of Sgt. Thomas Putnam Jr., , a notorious figure in the Salem witch trials. The Putnam House is now operated by the Danvers Historical Society and open by appointment.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The house was built on 100 acre of farmland owned by Lt. Thomas Putnam, and occupied by the Putnam family for over three centuries. In 1692, Joseph Putnam, the resident of the house at that time, spoke out against the hysteria of the Salem witch trials. His son, Major General Israel Putnam, commander of the colonial troops at the Battle of Bunker Hill, was born in the house on January 7, 1718. In 1991 the Putnam family descendants gave the property to the Danvers Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>The original house has been augmented by repeated additions. Today, it consists of an irregular 2½ story frame structure, with clapboards and with a pitch roof over one part of the house and gambrel roof over another. It is located at 431 Maple Street, behind Putnam Pantry, a candy and ice cream shop opened by the family on USA Route 1.</p><br>
<p>Craig y Llyn is a mountain situated in Rhigos on the west side of the upper Cynon Valley and north of the Rhondda Valleys in South Wales; it is the highest point in the traditional county of Glamorgan. It has been designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest and is named from the cliffs of its steep northern escarpment which overlook Llyn Fawr.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Craig y Llyn is situated in Rhigos, which lies in the Cynon Valley in the Rhondda Cynon Taff, Wales.</p><br>
<p>The hill is covered by forestry, except for the steep north and northeast faces, and is crowned with a trig point. Several footpaths cross near the summit of the hill, including the Coed Morgannwg Way, and the county boundary between Neath Port Talbot and Rhondda Cynon Taff passes 200 m to the east of the summit. The highest point in Rhondda Cynon Taff, Craig y Llyn, is commonly known as the Rhigos Mountain after the village of Rhigos located on the northern side of the mountain in the Cynon Valley.</p><br>
<p>The Countryside Council for Wales states that the site has been categorised as a Site of Special Interest because it supports "...two special habitat features, and is also of special interest for a plant, the Water Lobelia. The first habitat feature is standing water, supporting aquatic plants typical of lakes with low nutrient content. Some of these plants are not known from anywhere further south in the UK. The second is dry heath, found on the slopes above the lakes.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The hill is composed of a thick sequence of sandstones and mudstones assigned to the South Wales Coal Measures. The summit plateau is formed from the Pennant Sandstone of the Upper Coal Measures. The two cwms on its northern flanks which shelter Llyn Fach and Llyn Fawr are of glacial origin. A landslipped mass of rock lies above the western end of the latter lake.</p><br>
<p>Cold Mountain falls in the mountain region of western North Carolina, United States. The mountain is one of the Great Balsam Mountains which are a part of the Blue Ridge Mountains within the Appalachian Mountains. Cold Mountain and the Shining Rock Wilderness surrounding it are part of Pisgah National Forest.</p><br>
<p>Cold Mountain is about 15 mi southeast of Waynesville and 35 mi south of Asheville. It rises to 6,030 ft above sea level and is the 40th tallest mountain in the eastern United States. The peak is accessible only via an extremely strenuous branch of the Art Loeb Trail with a 10.6 mi round trip and an elevation change of 2,800 ft.</p><br>
<p>The vast majority of Cold Mountain falls within federal lands of the Shining Rock Wilderness of the Pisgah National Forest. However. portions of the mountain, including approximately 800 acres of northwestern Cold Mountain in Panther Branch, are privately owned. There are about 15 residences on the northwest side of mountain and maintenance of access roads is funded by property owners.</p><br>
<p>In 2016 the Southern Appalachian Highland Conservancy purchased the 162 acres Dix Creek tract from private owners. The land was transferred to the N.C. Wildlife Resources Commission in late October 2016 and will increase the adjoining Cold Mountain Game Lands to 3,500 acres in 2017.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Much of the Forest was originally owned by George Washington Vanderbilt II, builder of the Biltmore Estate. After his death, his widow sold the land that included the mountain to the United States Forest Service at $5 an acre to help create the Pisgah National Forest as the first National Forest in the eastern United States.</p><br>
<p>Major General Paul Wurtsmith was killed along with four other crewmen when the TB-25J Mitchell he was piloting (c/n 44-30227) crashed 200 ft below the summit of Cold Mountain on September 16, 1946. was renamed in memorial in 1953. Lt. Col. F. L. Trickey, Lt. Col. P. R. Okerbloom, Master Sergeant Hosey W. Merritt, and Staff Sergeant Hoyt W. Crump were also kiled in the crash. In April 1989 the engines from the crashed bomber were airlifted from the crash site and returned to Wurtsmith AFB by a small volunteer group of base personnel with the intent of creating a memorial for the crewmen. Due to a variety of unforeseen circumstances, that included a previous fatal KC-135 crash in October 1988, the transfer and retirement of the volunteers, the Gulf war, and the 1993 closure of the base, the planned memorial to Gen Wurtsmith and those who were killed in the 1946 crash was never realized and the fate of the engines is not known. However in 2006 Veteran Memorial Park of Northeast Michigan was created at an existing flag circle on the former base.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The mountain and the township Community of Bethel area outside of Canton near the base of Cold Mountain was made famous as the story location in the 1997 novel Cold Mountain by Charles Frazier. Contrary to popular belief, there has never been a village or town called Cold Mountain nor a settlement on the real-life mountain. The peak is accessible only by hiking a spur of the strenuous Art Loeb Trail.</p><br>
<p>A major motion picture based on the novel was distributed by Miramax Films in 2003. The movie was actually filmed in the Carpathian Mountains of Romania. A Miramax Flims spokesperson cited higher production costs however director Anthony Minghella had said that the lack of old-growth forests and period buildings as well as the lack of dependable snowfall were the primary reasons he chose not to film in Western North Carolina. A 2015 opera production followed.</p><br>
<p>Cold Mountain Hunter a 2004 paperback by L. D. Griffin details hunting experiences and memories of growing up in the Cold Mountain area and Shinning Rock Wilderness.</p><br>
<p>Cold Mountain Bomber Crash: The Enduring Legacy is a 2005 paperback by Doris Rollins Cannon that explores the author&#39;s research about the 1946 B-25 crash that killed Major General Wurtsmith and the impact that the loss had on the families of the crewmen and the residents of two of the communities most affected.</p><br>
<p>At the Foot of Cold Mountain: Sunburst and the Universalists at Inman&#39;s Chapel is a 2008 paperback authored by Phyllis Inman Barnett. The book provides a brief history of the Bethel Township community of Canton and the logging community of Sunburst and of rural Universalism. The book follows the life of a Universalist family in The Cold Mountain area from the early 1850s until the Inman Chapel closed in 1957.</p><br>
<p>Legends, Tales, & History of Cold Mountain (Volumes I-VI) is a six-volume series of The Pigeon Valley Heritage Collection. The books are authored by Evelyn M. Coltman and are distributed by the Bethel Rural Community Organization. In 2012, the six volumes were awarded the prestigious Barringer Award of Excellence by the North Carolina Society of Historians.</p><br>
<p>Cold Mountain inspired Cold Mountain Winter Ale a seasonal craft beer by Highland Brewing Company of Asheville, NC. Highlands Brewing Company seasonal beers are named for parts of the Southern Appalachian landscape. The "For Love of Beer & Mountains" program is a partnership with the Southern Appalachian Highlands Conservancy. The partnership was formed to support conservation efforts, heighten awareness of unique mountain peaks, natural features, and native species and a portion of sales goes toward support conservation efforts.</p><br>
<p>The Captain Elisha Phelps House is a historic house museum at 800 Hopmeadow Street in Simsbury, Connecticut. The colonial-era house was built by David Phelps in 1711. His son Elisha Phelps received the land from his father and expanded the house in 1771. Elisha Phelps along with his brother Noah Phelps and others took part in the capture of Fort Ticonderoga in 1775. Capt. Phelps was appointed as commissary of the Northern Department by the Continental Congress.</p><br>
<p>The house was used as hotel named the Canal Hotel, after the War of 1812. It is located along what was the New Haven and Northampton Canal line.</p><br>
<h2>Family life</h2><br>
<p>Elisha Phelps was born at Simsbury, Connecticut, on October 17, 1737. His father David (May 7, 1710&ndash;December 9, 1760) married Abigail Pettibone (April 25, 1731&ndash;October 16, 1787) on April 25, 1731. Both families descended from original settlers of Dorchester, Massachusetts (and five years later, Windsor, Massachusetts) who as Puritans arrived in the New World aboard the ship Mary and John in 1630.</p><br>
<p>He died at age 43 in Albany, New York, on July 14, 1776, from diseases he contracted from the soldiers he cared for there. After his death, the homestead passed from his widow and surviving children to his brother Noah Phelps and until 1962 was the property of his descendants, including Jeffrey O. Phelps.</p><br>
<h2>Phelps Tavern Museum</h2><br>
<p>The estate is now known as The Phelps Tavern Museum. The museum uses period rooms and interactive exhibits and galleries to interpret the use of the house as an inn from 1786 to 1849. Three successive generations of the Phelps tavern-keepers are chronicled along with the social history of taverns in New England. From Masonic meetings to ordination balls, the Phelps Tavern hosted townspeople and travelers who arrived by horse, stagecoach and canal.</p><br>
<p>The Phelps Tavern Museum is part of a 2 acre complex that includes a museum store, research archives, and period gardens. It is owned and operated by the Simsbury Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>The Reconquista River (Spanish, Río Reconquista</p><br>
<p>) is a small river in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Together with the Riachuelo, it is one of the most contaminated watercourses in the country.</p><br>
<p>The Reconquista is part of the Río de la Plata basin. It originates in Marcos Paz, Buenos Aires Province, and flows across 18 municipalities, emptying into the Luján River. Its drainage basin has an area of 1,670 km&sup2; and is populated by around 4 million people.</p><br>
<p>The river carries about 33 percent of the total pollution drained by the estuary of the Río de la Plata, taking into account both industrial and domestic waste. There are about 12,000 industries in its basin, 700 of which dump their waste into the watercourse without controls.</p><br>
<p>Studies have found nitrites, nitrates, ester-phenols, PCB, and heavy metals. These pollutants can cause hepatitis, skin reactions, gastrointestinal problems and eye infections.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>During the 1980s, there was a wave of protests by local residents denouncing the lack of state involvement. In 1984, the national Senate addressed the issue for the first time.</p><br>
<p>In 1995, the national government obtained a loan from the Inter-American Development Bank for the cleaning and control of the Reconquista.The construction started in 1996, with a $400 million budget assigned to an autonomous entity called UniRec.</p><br>
<p>In 2001 they were officially finished, and advertised as such, though only the flood prevention works were built. Four projected waste treatment plants and other sanitation infrastructure were not. There was also no minimization or monitoring of industrial waste dumped into the course.</p><br>
<p>According to Martín Nunziata, member of a Río de la Plata environmental group, this failure to comply with the plan was the result of political corruption, and also due to the pressure exerted by the polluting industries on the workers: "The companies warn that, if the environmental laws are applied, they will have to close."</p><br>
<p>Nunziata also alluded to the cellulose plant conflict between Argentina and Uruguay: "If, starting today, it was decided to demand from the industries of the Reconquista River the same things we want Uruguay to demand from the Fray Bentos cellulose plants, out of the 12,000 companies installed, at least 10,000 would have to close down."</p><br>
<h2>Destroyed historic bridge</h2><br>
<p>The 1773 over the Reconquista River was declared a National Historic Monument of Argentina, but in 1997, the demolished it.</p><br>
<p>Green Gable is a fell in the English Lake District often traversed by walkers en route to its more famous neighbour Great Gable. It can be ascended from Honister Pass, Seathwaite in Borrowdale, or Ennerdale. There are good views of Gable Crag, Scafell Pike and the Buttermere valley from the summit.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The Western Fells occupy a triangular sector of the Lake District, bordered by the River Cocker to the north east and Wasdale to the south east. Westwards the hills diminish toward the coastal plain of Cumberland. At the central hub of the high country are Great Gable and its satellites, while two principal ridges fan out on either flank of Ennerdale, the western fells in effect being a great horseshoe around this long wild valley. Green Gable stands to the north east of its mightier sibling.</p><br>
<p>Green and Great Gable rise at the head of Ennerdale, the infant River Liza tumbling down from their connecting col, Windy Gap. To their backs they have the walkers&#39; pass of Sty Head, connecting Borrowdale to Wasdale. Green Gable has a footing in Borrowdale only, standing to the north of the pass. It is from Ennerdale that the fell achieves a peaked "gabled" outline, although only the lower slopes could be considered green- the summit area being a desert of stones.</p><br>
<p>Taking Great Gable as the pivot of the Western Fells, the northward arm begins over Green Gable, before swinging round over Brandreth and Haystacks to begin the long northern wall of Ennerdale. Green Gable also has a secondary ridge to the north east, culminating in the separate fell of Base Brown.</p><br>
<p>Windy Gap (2,460 ft) stands a little way to the south west of the summit, at the bottom of a stony slope. On the Ennerdale side is Stone Cove- not named by chance, they are yards deep</p><br>
<p>Green Gables eastern face contains the slight hollow of Mitchell Cove, its stream joining Styhead Gill on the way to Borrowdale. At the northern corner is the ridge to Base Brown, the flat topped depression of Blackmoor Pots. The dale between the Base Brown and Brandreth ridges is Gillercomb, a classic hanging valley. Its stream, Sourmilk Gill, exits around the nose of Base Brown via a series of cascades to Seathwaite. This ensures that all of Green Gables waters, bar those from the western face, reach the River Derwent. Brandreth connects via the narrow ridge of Gillercomb Head, site of a few small pools after wet weather. The Ennerdale side provides the gentlest slopes, at least at lower levels, with the long grassy spur of Tongue gradually rising up the fell. The topmost section however is guarded by Greengable Crags, stretching around from Stone Cove.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The summit of Green Gable is overlain by till, although there are outscops of the Long Top Member to the west and north. This comprises bedded and welded rhyolitic tuff and lapilli-tuff. Above Sty Head there are examples of Scafell dacite and the tuffs and breccias of the Lingmell Formation. There is no history of mining on the fell.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>Green Gable has a neat summit marked by a cairn and would be a famous spot in its own right but for the looming presence of Great Gable. The summit is the perfect position from which to admire Gable Crag, and in all other directions is undiminished in its view of the Lakeland fells. The view up the Buttermere valley is perhaps the highlight.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>Some of the routes are those used for Great Gable, in particular those from the north. From Seathwaite a path runs up beside Sour Milk Gill into Gillercomb. From here it continues up the flank of the Blackmoor Pols ridge and onto the summit. From the top of the Honister Pass road a contouring path runs around Grey Knotts and Brandreth, before ascending Green Gable via Gillercomb Head. This path can also be used to access Moses Trod, a high level route from Honister to Wasdale. "Moses" was a possibly apocryphal figure in local stories, a quarryman from Honister who doubled as a trader-cum-whisky smuggler between the Lakeland valleys.</p><br>
<p>A route from Seathwaite not designed for the ascent of Great Gable can be found by climbing up Styhead pass and then branching off into Mitchell Cove, following the beck almost to the summit. Aaron Slack can also be used. If starting from Ennerdale a long walk up the valley can culminate in either a climb up Stone Cove to Windy Gap, or a slightly easier ascent of the Tongue to reach Gillercomb Head. Indirect climbs via Brandreth or Base Brown are also possible.</p><br>
<p>De Courcy Island is one of the Gulf Islands located between Pylades and Stuart Channels approximately 16 km south-east of Nanaimo, British Columbia and approximately 38 km south-west of Vancouver, British Columbia. The island was named after Michael de Courcy, captain of HMS Pylades and is about 460 acres in area.</p><br>
<p>The island was the home of Brother XII, a mysterious cult figure in the 1920s and of Pirate&#39;s Cove Marine Park.</p><br>
<p>The only access to the island is by boat or floatplane. Gulf Island Seaplanes flies to the island daily.</p><br>
<p>It gives its name to the De Courcy group of islands which consist, from north to south, of Mudge Island, Link Island, De Courcy Island, Ruxton Island and Pylades Island. This island group runs parallel to the east coast of Vancouver Island inside the protection of the larger Gabriola Island and Valdes Island. Access by boat from Nanaimo in the north is through Dodd Narrows. From Vancouver, vessels pass between Gabriola Island and Valdes Island through Gabriola Passage. Both Dodd Narrows and Gabriola Passage have strong tidal currents. Gabriola and Valdes Islands protect these smaller islands from the more open Strait of Georgia.</p><br>
<p>Gravia  is a village and a former municipality in the northeastern part of Phocis, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Delphi, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 161.651 km. In the 2011 census its population was 604 for the village and 2,073 for the municipality.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Gravia is situated in the foothills of the mountains Giona and Parnassus. The northeastern part of the municipal unit covers the western end of the wide valley of the river Cephissus. There are farmlands in the valley. The municipal unit borders Phthiotis Prefecture to the north and northeast. The Greek National Road 27 connects Gravia with Itea, Amfissa and Lamia. Gravia is located south of Lamia, northwest of Livadia and north of Amfissa and Itea.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The name is of Slavic origin, pointing to a settlement of the area after the 6th century; initially it was the name of a local river (mod. Koukouvistianos), which was later transferred to a castle some 5 km northwest of the modern settlement, above the acropolis of the ancient settlement of Pindus. The castle was most likely built by the Crusaders in the early 13th century, being mentioned for the first time in 1259, when the Prince of Achaea William II of Villehardouin crossed the local pass on his way to the Battle of Pelagonia. In 1275 it was one of the castles ceded by the ruler of Thessaly, John I Doukas, to the Duchy of Athens, as the dowry of his daughter Helena Angelina Komnene. The castle&#39;s history is unknown thereafter, except for a brief mention in 1304.</p><br>
<p>Gravia is famous for the battle of the Gravia Inn, that took place during the Greek Revolution of 1821. Odysseas Androutsos along with a group of Greek soldiers successfully repelled an attack from the Turkish army led by Omer Vryonis in May 1821.</p><br>
<h2>Municipal districts</h2><br>
<p>Apostolias</p><br>
<p>Gravia</p><br>
<p>Kaloskopi</p><br>
<p>Kastellia</p><br>
<p>Mariolata</p><br>
<p>Oinochori</p><br>
<p>Sklithro</p><br>
<p>Vargiani</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>Sporting clubs</h2><br>
<p>Androutsos Gravia</p><br>
<p>Finisterre Range is a mountain range in north-eastern Papua New Guinea. The highest point is ranked 41st in the world by prominence, and has an elevation of 4,150 m. Although the range&#39;s high point is not named on official maps, the name "Mount Boising" is used locally. This peak was possibly the most prominent unclimbed peak in the world until the first known ascent on 25 June 2014.</p><br>
<p>The range runs into the Saruwaged Range to the east and together they form a natural barrier between the Ramu and Markham valleys to the south and Vitiaz Strait to the north. Many rivers originate in this range, including some tributaries of the Ramu.</p><br>
<p>The Finisterre Range campaign (1943–1944) of World War II, including a series of actions known as Battle of Shaggy Ridge, saw fierce fighting between Australian and Japanese forces.</p><br>
<p>Palazzo Braschi is a large Neoclassical palace in Rome, Italy and is located between the Piazza Navona, the Campo de&#39; Fiori, the Corso Vittorio Emanuele II and the Piazza di Pasquino. It presently houses the Museo di Roma, the "museum of Rome", covering the history of the city in the period from the Middle Ages through the nineteenth century.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was built by the papal nephew Duke Luigi Braschi Onesti, to designs by Cosimo Morelli. The site was purchased in 1790 by Braschi, supported by funds from Pope Pius VI; Braschi demolished the 16th-century palace that Giuliano da Sangallo the Younger had built for Francesco Orsini in order to erect his own from the ground up. Construction was suspended in February 1798 during the Napoleonic occupation of the city, when the French temporarily took possession of it until 1802 and confiscated the recently acquired collection of antiquities it contained (though Braschi was reimbursed for them). In 1809, when Rome was declared an Imperial city by Napoleon, Duke Luigi moved into the palace and was declared mayor.</p><br>
<p>On his death in 1816 the palace remained unfinished and the family funds depleted. In 1871 the Braschi Onesti heirs sold the building to the Italian State, who made it the seat of the Ministry of Interior (now moved into Palazzo del Viminale). During the Italian fascist period, it was used as the political headquarters of Benito Mussolini, and was adorned with a giant sculpture of the dictator&#39;s face. After the war, it housed 300 refugee families and many of the interior frescoes were seriously damaged by the fires they lit to keep warm. In 1949 the palace passed to the civic authorities and, following extensive conservation in 1952, the present installation of the museum was effected.</p><br>
<p>The main entrance is on Via San Pantaleo (between Piazza Navona and Corso Vittorio Emanuele). The oval hall inside the main entrance overlooks Via San Pantaleo, and leads to the monumental staircase with its eighteen red granite columns which came from the gallery built by the Emperor Caligula on the banks of the River Tiber. Decorating the staircase there are ancient sculptures and fine stuccoes by Luigi Acquisti inspired by the myth of Achilles. On the piazza at the Southwest corner of the palace is the statue of Pasquino.</p><br>
<p>The Neoclassical architect Giuseppe Valadier designed the chapel on the piano nobile or first floor. He also designed the white marble facade on the adjacent church of San Pantaleo for which is named the piazza in front of the Palazzo Braschi.</p><br>
<p>Col du Télégraphe is a mountain pass in the French Alps situated above the Maurienne valley between the eastern end of the massif d&#39;Arvan-Villards and the massif des Cerces.</p><br>
<p>The pass links Saint-Michel-de-Maurienne to the north and Valloire to the south, as well as forming an access point to the col du Galibier via its north face.</p><br>
<p>The route is often used during the ascent to Col du Galibier in the Tour de France, and is thus popular with cyclists.</p><br>
<h2>Details of the climb</h2><br>
<p>From the north, starting at Saint-Michel-de-Maurienne, the climb is 11.8 km long, gaining 856 m in height (an average of 7.3%). The maximum gradient is 9.8% at the summit. On this side mountain pass cycling milestones are placed every kilometre. They indicate the current height, the distance to the summit, the average slope in the following kilometre, and the number of the street. As of July 2015, some milestones are missing in the middle part of the climb.</p><br>
<p>From the south, the climb starts at Valloire and is 4.8 km long at an average gradient of 3.4% (height gain: 165 m).</p><br>
<h2>The Tour de France</h2><br>
<p>The Col du Télégraphe was first used in the Tour de France in 1911; the first rider over the summit was Emile Georget.</p><br>
<p>Since 1947, the Col du Télégraphe has been crossed 29 times by the Tour de France. On several of those occasions it has not been ranked for points in the King of the Mountains competition, being treated as part of the descent from the Col du Galibier, and has been ranked for points only 18 times.</p><br>
<h3>Appearances in the Tour de France (since 1947)</h3><br>
<p>Hestercombe House is a historic country house in the parish of West Monkton in the Quantock Hills, near Taunton in Somerset, England. The house is a Grade II* listed building and the estate is Grade I listed on the English Heritage Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England.</p><br>
<p>Originally built in the 16th century, the house was used as the headquarters of the British 8th Corps in the Second World War. Somerset County Council assumed ownership in 1951 and use the property as an administrative centre. Hestercombe House served as the Emergency Call Centre for the Somerset Area of Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service until March 2012.</p><br>
<p>Hestercombe House is surrounded by gardens which have been restored to Gertrude Jekyll&#39;s original plans (1904–07) and have made it "one of the best Jekyll-Lutyens gardens open to the public on a regular basis", visited by approximately 70,000 people per year. The site also includes a 0.08 hectare (8,600 sq ft) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Somerset, notified in 2000. The site is used as a roost site by Lesser horseshoe bats.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Hestercombe House is between West Monkton and Cheddon Fitzpaine in the Taunton Deane area in the south of the English county of Somerset. It is on the Quantock Hills which were England’s first Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty being designated in 1956. The south facing gardens offer views of the Blackdown Hills.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the 11th century Hestercombe was owned by Glastonbury Abbey. Sir John Meriet founded a chantry in the 14th century and in 1392 it passed to John La Ware by marriage and stayed in his family for almost four hundred years.</p><br>
<p>The current house is a Grade II* listed country house which was originally built in the 16th century for the Warre family. Sir Richard Warre (d. 1601) bequeathed it to his son Roger who married Elinor, daughter of Sir John Popham. When their descendant Sir Francis Warre died in 1718 he left the estate to his daughter, Magaret, who transferred it to her husband John Bamfylde. Following his death in 1750 it was inherited by the couple&#39;s son, Coplestone Warre Bampfylde.</p><br>
<p>The house was enlarged and altered in the 18th century, but this work is no longer visible beneath the refronting and enlargement works carried out around 1875 for Edward Portman, 1st Viscount Portman, who had acquired it in 1873.</p><br>
<h3>Second World War</h3><br>
<p>During the early years of the Second World War, the house and gardens were used by the British Army as part of the headquarters for VIII Corps, which was formed to command the defence of Somerset, Devon, Cornwall and Bristol. The VIII Corps main headquarters was at nearby Pyrland Hall, and the rear headquarters established at Hestercombe House, with Personnel and Logistics staff. Hestercombe was the headquarters of the American army 398th General Service Engineer Regiment from July 1943 to April 1944. Eisenhower visited Hestercombe on 18 March 1944 to meet General Gerow and inspect the troops. The Engineers were joined by the 19th District Headquarters of the US Supply Services in July 1943, which stayed until July 1944.</p><br>
<p>Early on 28 March 1944, a few minutes after midnight, a Junkers Ju88 crashed on the drive to the house after being shot down by cannon fire from a de Havilland Mosquito of No. 219 Squadron Royal Air Force. Hestercombe was the American 801 Hospital Centre after the Normandy landings until the end of the war. A total of 33 barrack huts (various Nissen huts, Romney huts and MOWB (Ministry of Works brick huts) were constructed at Hestercombe during the war. Many were demolished in the 1960s by the Crown Estate, and only one is left standing, in Rook Wood.</p><br>
<h3>Post war</h3><br>
<p>The house remained in the Portman family until 1944 when it was accepted in lieu of death duties by the Crown Estate, however Mrs Portman remained at the house until her death in 1951. It was leased to the fire service in 1953. A visitor centre opened in the Victorian stables in 2005. Most of the cost of the conversion was funded by a grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund. The house was used as the Emergency Call Centre for the Somerset Area of Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service with a running cost in 2011 of £675,000 per year. The fire service moved out in 2012 and restoration work was then undertaken.</p><br>
<p>The house today appears an assemblage of several architectural styles popular during the Victorian era. While the overall design and air could be described as Italianate, also present in the same entrance facade are examples of high Victorian Gothic, such as an Italianate seigneurial tower confused in design with a campanile tower. This tower complete with a glazed loggia is crowned by a French-style mansard roof with oversized chimneys masquerading as Renaissance ornament. The centrepiece of the same facade is a porte-cochère designed in a heavy neoclassical style.</p><br>
<h2>Watermill and dynamo house</h2><br>
<p>In the 18th century a watermill was installed and used to power a sawmill, grind corn and crush apples. There is some evidence that there has been a mill on the site since the late 14th century. The overshot waterwheel, which was 11 ft in diameter and 4 ft wide overall, was replaced in 1895, when the attached barn and workshops were expanded. and generated electricity for the estate, which was stored in glass batteries. The waterwheel had deteriorated by the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>From the 1950s until 2009 the buildings were used as a barn for animals and agricultural machinery. It has since been restored and had a biomass boiler installed. During the restoration an unexplained series of unusual pipework was discovered in the floor of the building. The building now acts as a visitor centre, which includes access to the dynamo room where acetylene gas was produced along with a thermalume generator which produced gas from petrol and air.</p><br>
<h2>Gardens</h2><br>
<p>When the house and gardens were inherited by Coplestone Warre Bampfylde (1720–91) in the 18th century, a Georgian landscape garden was laid out, containing ponds, a grand cascade, a gothick alcove, a Tuscan temple arbour (1786), and a folly mausoleum. Bampfylde was an amateur architect of talent and a friend and adviser to Henry Hoare who laid out the gardens at Stourhead. Bampfylde also designed a Doric temple for the grounds, which was built around 1786, with an ashlar tetrastyle prostyle fronted by Tuscan columns and a large modillioned pediment. A Victorian formal parterre was added near the house by Henry Hall in the 1870s.</p><br>
<p>The Edwardian garden was laid out by Gertrude Jekyll and Edwin Lutyens between 1904 and 1906 for the Hon E.W.B. Portman, resulting in a garden "remarkable for the bold, concise pattern of its layout, and for the minute attention to detail everywhere to be seen in the variety and imaginative handling of contrasting materials, whether cobble, tile, flint, or thinly coursed local stone". Jekyll and Lutyens were leading participants of the Arts and Crafts movement. Jekyll is remembered for her outstanding designs and subtle, painterly approach to the arrangement of the gardens she created, particularly her "hardy flower borders". Jekyll was one of the first of her profession to take into account the colour, texture, and experience of gardens as the prominent authorities in her designs, and she was a lifelong fan of plants of all genres. Her theory of how to design with colour was influenced by painter J.M.W. Turner and by impressionism, and by the theoretical colour wheel. Their collaborative style was first developed at Herstercombe and described by the garden writer and designer Penelope Hobhouse as:</p><br>
<p>The "Great Plat" combined the patterned features of a parterre with the hardy herbaceous planting espoused by Miss Jekyll. Lutyens also designed the orangery about 50 m east of the main house between 1904–09, which is now Grade I listed, as are the garden walls, paving and steps on the south front of the house. On either side of the Great Plat are raised terraces with brick water channels. The eastern area is laid out as a Dutch garden laid out with perennial plants such as Large white flowering Yucca gloriosa as groups used vertical elements alternate with purple colored flowering dwarf Lavender (Lavandula), catmint (Nepeta) or silvery colored Zieste (Stachys), Cotton lavender (Santolina), China Rose (Rosa chinensis) or Fuchsia (Fuchsia magellanica).</p><br>
<p>Since October 2003, the landscape and gardens, extending to over 100 acre, have been managed by the Hestercombe Gardens Trust, a registered charity set up to restore and preserve the site with a Heritage Lottery Fund grant of £3.7M. The gardens featured on BBC TV&#39;s Gardens Through Time series, and cover more than 40 acre, with three different styles of garden ranging from woodland walks to lakes and ponds to formal gardens. The Georgian landscape, Victorian shrubbery and terrace and the formal Edwardian gardens combine to create biodiversity and interest for visitors. The site is used by Lesser horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus hipposideros) as both a breeding and wintering roost site. Numbers of Lesser Horseshoes at this site are only exceeded by one other site in southwest England. The bats use roofspaces in a former stable block as a maternity site. It has been designated as a Special Area of Conservation (SAC).</p><br>
<p>The Derby Summer House, also known as the McIntire Tea-house, is a summer house designed in 1793 by architect Samuel McIntire, now located on the grounds of the Glen Magna Farms, Danvers, Massachusetts. Since 1958 it has been owned by the Danvers Historical Society. A National Historic Landmark, it is significant as an extremely rare and well-preserved example of an 18th-century summer house, and also includes some of the earliest American sculpture in the carved wooden figures mounted on its roof.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Samuel McIntire designed this ornate Federal style garden house for Elias Hasket Derbys farm in Salem, Massachusetts. The structure is 20 feet square, 2½ stories high, decorated with pilasters, swags, and Grecian urns, and topped with rustic wood statues of a Reaper and Shepherdess (milkmaid). The ground floor is punctuated by central arched openings on the east and west facades, each flanked with arched windows with wooden keystones. The second floor is ornamented with swags and fluted Ionic pilasters at the corners and between windows. A young ladys diary from 1802 records her contemporary impressions:</p><br>
<p>The summer house was moved to its present location in 1901, about 4 miles from its original site, where it now opens onto a walled rose garden designed by Herbert Browne. Neither of the two statues atop the house are originals. The Shepherdess was missing when the house was transported; after 20 years she was found atop an Andover mill building, damaged by fire. A duplicate was carved in 1924, and the original is now on display in the Peabody Institute. The original Reaper fell in a storm in 1981. It too was reproduced; the original is in the Danvers Historical Society collection.</p><br>
<p>The summer house was declared a National Historic Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1968.</p><br>
<p>The Parson Capen House is a historic house in Topsfield, Massachusetts, that was built in the late 17th century. It has drawn attention as an example of early colonial architecture and due to its well-preserved condition compared to other houses built at that time.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Capen house was built on a 12 acre lot in 1683 as the parsonage for the local Congregational Church. It was first owned by the Reverend Joseph Capen, who had moved to Topsfield from Dorchester. His wife had seen the previous parsonage and was disappointed by its condition. The family lived there for over forty years. At the time that it was built, it was considered to be the best house in the town.</p><br>
<p>The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1960. The Topsfield Historical Society currently operates it as a historic house museum.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Capen house was built with English style architecture, and it bears a strong resemblance to many houses in England.</p><br>
<p>The house features overhangs called jetties at the front and sides, but not the rear, of the building. Although many have assumed that the overhangs were intended as protection from Native Americans, they were primarily decorative and also served to shield people from rain.</p><br>
<p>The house has a pilastered chimney, which was unusual at the time the house was built. That type of chimney was primarily used in English Manor style houses. The house also has casement windows, each of which has 30 panes. These windows were seen as a luxury when the house was built. Hanging wood pendills, ornaments that were carved by the carpenter who built the house, were also used as decoration.</p><br>
<p>Belledonne  is a mountain range  in the Dauphiné Alps  in southeast France. The southern end of the range forms the eastern wall of the mountains that surround the city of Grenoble.</p><br>
<p>The range is noted for the spectacular scenery it provides the inhabitants of Grenoble, numerous ski areas, interesting geology, and a diverse range of alpine land types and uses.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Belledonne range is approximately 60 km long by between 10 km wide and runs from roughly 45&deg;03&prime;N latitude, 5&deg;48&prime;E longitude, 16 km south-south-east of the city of Grenoble, in a north-easterly direction (actually 35 degrees) for 65 km to roughly 45&deg;33&prime;N latitude, 6&deg;17&prime;E longitude, near the town of Aiguebelle. The highest point is the Grand Pic de Belledonne, 2,977 m.</p><br>
<p>The range is delineated by several valleys which lie at relatively low altitude, including the Grésivaudan Valley (which carries the Isère River) on the west, the Arc River to the north and the Romanche River to the south. The range counts dozens of peaks over 2,500 m, more than 10 glaciers, and many alpine lakes, the highest of which is over 2,400 m above sea level.</p><br>
<p>Geologically, Belledonne is a concatenation of ranges which are not physically separated; from north to south, these are: the Grand Arc, the Lauzière, the Sept-Laux, Belledonne proper, and the Taillefer.</p><br>
<p>Belledonne is a crystalline range. It initiated as a Paleozoic peneplain which was covered by Mesozoic sediments, then raised and tilted during the Tertiary uplift of the Alps and subjected to glacial erosion during the Quaternary. As a result of its geologic history, Belledonne alternates jagged peaks with gentle slopes.</p><br>
<p>Belledonne overlooks the fairly flat Isère Valley (Grésivaudan) which lies only 220 m above sea level near Grenoble. Hence, all alpine vegetation zones are represented:</p><br>
<p>Hill zone: coppices of pubescent oak on South facing slopes (adret), hornbeam, common maple.</p><br>
<p>Montane zone: beech, birch, aspen, English oak, sycamore maple, goat willow, then fir and spruce.</p><br>
<p>Subalpine zone: moors and sparse stands of spruce, mugho pine, stone pine, and silver birch.</p><br>
<p>Alpine zone: grassland, scree and rock.</p><br>
<p>A significant feature is the Belledonne Balcony (Le Balcon de Belledonne), which is a terrace or plateau some 30 km long on the western side of the range that provides a relatively level area intersected by narrow ravines eroded by rivers taking runoff from the snow levels higher up. The Balcony has supported diverse livestock-raising and other agricultural activity for a considerable period of time.</p><br>
<h3>Main summits</h3><br>
<h3>Main glaciers</h3><br>
<p>The most spectacular glacier in Belledonne is Glacier de Freydane, which is noted for its crevasses.</p><br>
<p>Glacier de la Sitre</p><br>
<p>Glacier de Freydane</p><br>
<p>Glacier de l&#39;Amiante</p><br>
<p>Glacier du Rocher Blanc</p><br>
<p>Glacier de la Combe Madame</p><br>
<p>Glacier de l&#39;Argentière</p><br>
<p>Glacier d&#39;Arguille</p><br>
<p>Glacier du Puy Gris</p><br>
<p>Glacier du Gleyzin</p><br>
<p>Glacier de Claran</p><br>
<h3>Main passes</h3><br>
<p>There is no road that cuts across Belldonne. The Pas de la Coche pass is the only natural break point in the range, between Belledonne proper and the 7 Laux range. It is the only point below 2,000 m on the Belledonne ridge (the main water divide between the Isère river and the Romanche river). Most other passes are not much lower in elevation than their neighboring peaks.</p><br>
<p>At the turn of the 20th century, Joseph Paganon, a minister in several French governments, pushed for linking Laval to the Rivier-dAllemont by road D528. But the roadwork stopped at an elevation of 1,336 m on the Gresivaudan side, while work never even started on the other side (Eau dOlle). Before the automobile era this pass was frequently used by locals to go from Gresivaudan to the Eau d&#39;Olle valley, or even to go to the Maurienne valley via the Glandon pass. Hannibal is believed to have passed the Pas de la Coche when he crossed the Alps with his army.</p><br>
<h3>Main lakes</h3><br>
<p>Belledonne and its lakes have played a major role in industrializing hydroelectricity production as early as 1869 thanks to pioneer Aristide Bergès and his paper mills which tapped water from lake Crozet.</p><br>
<h2>Ski resorts</h2><br>
<p>There are 4 main ski resorts in Belledonne, from South to North:</p><br>
<p>Chamrousse</p><br>
<p>Le Collet d&#39;Allevard</p><br>
<p>Les Sept Laux</p><br>
<p>L&#39;Espace Nordique du Barioz</p><br>
<h2>Origin of the name</h2><br>
<p>The origin of the name is not clear. The phrase belle donne means beautiful women in Italian. It does not appear to mean that in Arpitan, and since Arpitan is the ancient regional language, would have been a more likely source of ancient names than Italian. Nevertheless, from one angle the highest peak, the Grand Pic du Belledonne allegedly looks like a woman holding a baby. Other suggested derivations are from the Celtic donne meaning valley, hence beautiful valleys, or indo-European bal, meaning elevated rock, which evolved into bel, then belle. It is difficult without evidence to determine the validity of these derivations.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The mountains are home to marmots, chamois, ibex mountain goats and grouse. Reportedly, wolves have returned since 1998, coming from Italy and the press regularly echoes complaints from shepherds about wolves attacking their sheep</p><br>
<p>The ibex had completely disappeared from Belledonne. Early 1983, 13 females and 7 males were brought in from Switzerland and by spring 2002, their population had risen to 900 heads.</p><br>
<p>Rossel Island  is the easternmost island of the Louisiade Archipelago, which itself is part of the Milne Bay Province of Papua New Guinea. Tree Islet is situated 1.5 miles to the north-west, while Wule Island is situated 1.5 miles westward.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The mountainous island measures 34 km east-west, and is up to 11 km wide. With an area of 292.5 km&sup2, it is the second largest island of the archipelago, after Vanatinai. The higher parts of the island are almost constantly cloud-capped during the southeast monsoon. The mountain ridges form short, narrow crests, with occasional peaks; their outline is smooth, and the ridges are covered with vegetation. Most of the shoreline is either bordered by mangroves, with occasional sandy beaches, or covered with jungle. From the bluff to the island&#39;s north point, very steep hills slope down to the shore. Between the north point of the island and Cape Deliverance are some well-wooded valleys. The south side of the island consists of numerous points and bays, with steep hill ridges descending to the sea from the high mountain range above.</p><br>
<p>The highest elevation is Mount Rossel, near the eastern end of the island, which rises 838 m. This precipitous peak has steep ridges extending to the north and west, but it descends in more gentle slopes southeast to Cape Deliverance, the eastern end of the island. The southwest ridge has two conspicuous peaks each 549 m high. The eastern peak, Mount Mo, is flat-topped. The western peak is conical. At the western end of the island is a conspicuous conical peak 347 m high.</p><br>
<p>The fringing coral reef encloses the large Rossel Lagoon in the west and a smaller lagoon one in the east. Rossel Lagoon extends almost 40 km from the northwestern point of the island to Rossel Passage at the western end of the fringing reef. The barrier reef encircling this lagoon is narrow and has four passages through it west of the island. The barrier reef on the south side of the island is unbroken east of Rossel Passage. General depths in the lagoon range from 37 -, but numerous scattered shoals lie in it. Few of these shoals dry and the larger ones are usually awash. Since the water is so clear the shoals can usually be distinguished in good light.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>Rossel Island is thickly wooded and nearly the whole south coast is a dense forest.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>In 2014, the population was 5,553, spread across 31 villages. The main village is Jinjo, on the east coast. The indigenous people speak the Yélî Dnye language, a language isolate.</p><br>
<p>The Oregon City Municipal Elevator is a 130 ft elevator which connects two neighborhoods in Oregon City in the USA state of Oregon. It is the only outdoor municipal elevator in the USA and one of only four in the world. The upper portion contains an observation deck which accounts for its flying saucer appearance.</p><br>
<p>There have been two elevators at this location. The current elevator was built in 1954–55, and it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<h2>Geography of Oregon City</h2><br>
<p>The city of Oregon City includes dramatic changes in elevation. The city&#39;s central business district is sandwiched between the Willamette River and a basalt cliff, and is only several blocks wide. At the top of the 90 ft cliff lies another neighborhood. Indian trails negotiating the cliffside were used originally to connect the two areas beginning with the founding of the town in 1829.</p><br>
<p>Numerous stairways were built in the mid-1860s,</p><br>
<p>but a better transportation solution was needed.</p><br>
<h2>Initial elevator</h2><br>
<p>A bond measure to raise $12,000 for construction was put to voters in July 1912. This levy failed, but a second referendum passed in December of the same year. The elevator opened to the public in 1915, delayed by politics. The original elevator was water-powered and took three minutes for the ride. The elevator was so popular that most of the cliffside stairs were removed. The elevator was converted to electric drive in 1924, which reduced the time to 30 seconds.</p><br>
<h2>Current elevator</h2><br>
<p>After 40 years of service, a replacement was authorized by a $175,000 bond by a special election held May 1952. The specifications called for the design to be "as plain as possible, without ornament". The new elevator, designed by Gordon E. Trapp, engineered by Ervin Aksel Sööt, and manufactured by Otis Elevator, featured push-button operation and automatic doors, and shortened the ride to about 15 seconds. It was dedicated May 5, 1955 and remains in service today. The machine room was upgraded with a digital controller in 2004.</p><br>
<p>The elevator essentially serves as 7th Street, as both entrances (top and bottom) are on S. 7th Street, a major thoroughfare on both ends. The lower entrance is at the intersection of 7th Street (Oregon Route 43) and Railroad Avenue; a short pedestrian tunnel runs under the Union Pacific Railroad tracks, and into the elevator itself. The upper entrance is accessed from S. High Street, a short distance from the intersection with 7th Street and Singer Hill (a road which descends the side of the cliff, connecting 7th Street on the top with S. 10th Street on the bottom). The upper level includes an observation deck, from which one can see Willamette Falls, the Oregon City Bridge, and the Abernethy Bridge.</p><br>
<p>The elevator has an operator. It is open 7 AM to 7 PM, Monday through Saturday (7 AM to 9:30 PM Wednesday through Saturday from June to September and 7 AM to 8 AM on Wednesdays in October); 10 AM to 7 PM Sunday Pacific Time. There is no charge to use the elevator. It was carrying an average of 500 people per day as of 1989, and by 2008 this had grown to nearly 800. Ridership is as high as 1,300 people per day during the city&#39;s summer tourist season.</p><br>
<p>Currently the elevator has received a "facelift" of sorts at the hands of numerous private and public partnerships and a National Endowment for the Arts Our Town grant. The "Illuminate Oregon City" project has turned the elevator in to a massive video screen, showcasing video and images from area sites. The video mapping program is slated to run until 2015.</p><br>
<p>City Park is an urban park and neighborhood in Denver, Colorado. The park is 330 acre and is located in east-central Denver. The park contains the Denver Zoo, the Denver Museum of Nature and Science, Ferril and Duck Lakes, and a boathouse. City Park is also the name of the neighborhood that contains the park, though the park is the vast majority of the neighborhood. To the immediate north of the park is the City Park Golf Course. City Park is the largest, while Washington Park is the most notable park in Denver.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The park is located in east-central Denver slightly more than a mile east of Downtown. The park is a mile long and three-quarters of a mile wide. The park&#39;s boundaries are:</p><br>
<p>West-York Street</p><br>
<p>South-17th Avenue</p><br>
<p>East-Colorado Boulevard</p><br>
<p>North-23rd Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The City Park neighborhood has the same boundaries except for having Colfax Avenue as its southern boundary, which is two blocks south of 17th Avenue. Therefore, the entirety of the neighborhood is only two blocks wide, but about a mile long. The area in the southwest corner of the neighborhood consists of East High School and a green area called the City Park Esplanade, which in some ways extends the park south two blocks to Colfax Avenue. The eastern part of the neighborhood around Colfax Avenue (along with parts of the Congress Park neighborhood across Colfax) is also known as the "Bluebird District", for the Bluebird Theatre located on Colfax and the urban developments around that area. There is also a neighborhood called "City Park West", which is located just west of the park to Downing Street and commonly known as Uptown. It has the same southern and northern borders as City Park, and has York Street as its eastern border.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>When Denver was founded in 1858, it was little more than a mining camp. By the 1870s however, Denver had gained a substantial permanent population, and many residents were clamoring for parks. In 1878, the Colorado state legislature passed a bill to allow Denver to acquire 1,280 acre of state land to build parks. City Park became the largest tract turned into a park. The initial park layout was designed by Henry Meryweather in 1882 in the tradition of both English pastoral gardens and Central Park in New York City with a flowing, casual design. The 1893 World&#39;s Fair started the City Beautiful movement, which further developed the design. The park was irrigated with water from the city ditch.</p><br>
<p>City Park is also one of the oldest public spaces in Denver. The park grew out of the social and cultural atmosphere of the late 19th century as Denver residents, business-owners, garden clubs and politicians rallied for the improvement of the dry and dusty Queen City of the Plains. The idea of an “east city park” linked to a “west city park” by a chain of tree-lined parkways first emerged in 1878. In 1882 Henry Meryweather prepared the park’s earliest layout and landscape design. His concept followed the precepts of Frederick Law Olmsted, but it was park commissioner Richard Sopris, who managed the park from 1881 to 1891, who is considered the father of the park. Construction of the park began in 1886 with “a sinuous tangle of winding carriageways, walks and promenades” put into place. The arrangement of roads and walks gave the park its pastoral feel, many of which are still in place today.</p><br>
<p>After the turn-of-the-century the park benefitted from the city’s investment in the City Beautiful concept. The park was linked, as originally envisioned, to a wider system of parks using parkways and grand boulevards. During this period monumental sculpture was also introduced, consistent with City Beautiful philosophy, including the McLellan Gateway, the Sopris Gateway, the Monti Gateway, the Sullivan Gateway, and the Thatcher Memorial Fountain, which mark park entrances.</p><br>
<p>During the first half of the twentieth century a series of designers influenced and enhanced the park, including Reinhard Schuetze, S.R. DeBoer, George Kessler, Charles Robinson and the Olmstead brothers (the sons of Frederick Law Olmsted). S.R. DeBoer is recognized as the most influential, as his tenure as city landscape architect spanned almost fifty years, influencing that Park through 1960. Changes after 1960 included significant expansions by the Denver Zoo and the Denver Museum of Nature & Science (then the Natural History Museum). Both institutions have long histories in the park and contribute significantly to its character and use.</p><br>
<p>In the 1980s a concerted effort to document the history and design of the park led to a compilation of all city records on the park, and ultimately the National Register listing. The period of significance for the National Register listing is 1880 to 1936, but the multi-property form does not define a specific period of significance for City Park alone, and ends in 1936 because it was fifty years before the listing date, 1986.</p><br>
<p>In the 1990s the park Pavilion was designated in a small local historic district, and the Graham-Bible House, once home to the park’s caretaker, along with a historic firehouse located in the park, were also designated local landmarks.</p><br>
<p>In 1997 traffic and parking issues in the park led to a concerted planning effort to address land use, circulation and preservation. The City & County of Denver Parks & Recreation Department hosted numerous community meetings, and along with the efforts of a stakeholder group, created the 2001 City Park Master Plan, titled “Revitalizing the Legacy of City Park.” The Master Plan included a Historic Site Assessment, in which the park’s contributing and non-contributing features were carefully researched and evaluated. Over the past fourteen years the Department of Parks & Recreation has implemented many of the recommendations of this plan, including restoring sculptures and fountains, improving conditions at Ferril Lake and Duck Lake, and working with the park’s institutions to create parking solutions.</p><br>
<p>By the start of the 20th century, Ferril Lake, the Denver Zoo, and the landmark boat pavilion, with a Spanish-style design by architects John Humphreys and William Fisher were all developed in the park. Reinhard Schuetze, a German immigrant who was the head landscaper for Denver, formalized the design of the park by planting of formal gardens, laying down graceful carriage ways, and creating the East High School Esplanade into the park. In 1903, construction was completed for the first wing of the Denver Museum of Nature and Science, which was built on the eastern edge of the park on the highest elevation in the park (now famous for its views of downtown and the mountains behind them). It opened to the public on July 1, 1908.</p><br>
<p>On April 23, 1916, The Shakespeare Elm was planted near the intersection of 17th Avenue and Colorado Boulevard. A plaque at its base reads "Shakespeare Elm: The scion from which this tree was grown was taken from the tree at Shakespeare&#39;s grave at Stratford-on-Avon".</p><br>
<p>City Park sat a mile away from the rest of Denver when it was first opened. Competing trolley companies took park-goers along the undeveloped roads into the park. The neighborhood developed around the park, starting with farmers and squatters who used the city ditch to irrigate their crops. It wasnt until the start of the 20th century with better trolley connections that housing development occurred in force. The neighborhood includes East High School, a landmark built in 1925, which is Denvers first high school (moved from downtown). The neighborhood also contains many historic brick residential buildings, including many Denver square style homes and several historic brick commercial structures, especially along Colfax Avenue.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Colfax in the City Park neighborhood in particular, has become a popular area with many hip restaurants, stores, and other businesses, including the newest location of the Tattered Cover bookstore and Twist & Shout record store, just across from the neighborhood. The neighborhood has also seen new residential and commercial developments, including at the former site of Mercy Hospital.</p><br>
<p>City Park itself is still the premier park in the city. Thousands of visitors continue to see not only the park itself but the cultural institutions contained within. The park holds a free summer concert series, and has boat rentals, both standard paddle-boats and some shaped like various water creatures like pelicans and ducks. The boathouse can also be rented for events.</p><br>
<p>Ferril Lake includes the Prismatic Fountain which dates back to 1908. Originally designed by engineer Frederic W. Darlington and was a revolutionary feature for the time. The recently renovated fountain now boasts LED lights which cycle through different formations, with each cycle spanning an hour.</p><br>
<p>Silesian Beskids  is one of the Beskids mountain ranges in Outer Western Carpathians in southern Silesian Voivodeship, Poland and the eastern Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic.</p><br>
<p>Most of the range lies in Poland. It is separated from the Moravian-Silesian Beskids by the Jablunkov Pass.</p><br>
<p>The Polish part of the range includes the protected area called Silesian Beskids Landscape Park.</p><br>
<h2>The highest mountains</h2><br>
<p>Silesian Beskids have 20 mountains with a highest point above 1000 m, including three above 1200 m and nine above 1100 m.</p><br>
<p>Skrzyczne (1,257 m) - the highest mountain</p><br>
<p>Barania Góra (1,220 m) - the highest mountain of the Polish part of Upper Silesia</p><br>
<p>Małe Skrzyczne (1,211 m)</p><br>
<p>Wierch Wisełka (1,192 m)</p><br>
<p>Równiański Wierch (1,160 m)</p><br>
<p>Zielony Kopiec (1,152 m)</p><br>
<p>Malinowska Skała (1,152 m)</p><br>
<p>Magurka Wiślańska (1,140 m)</p><br>
<p>Klimczok (1,117 m)</p><br>
<p>Malinów (1,115 m)</p><br>
<p>Magura (1,109 m)</p><br>
<p>Magurka Radziechowska (1,108 m)</p><br>
<p>Trzy Kopce (1,082 m)</p><br>
<p>Stołów (1,035 m)</p><br>
<p>Glinne (1,034 m)</p><br>
<p>Przysłop (1,029 m)</p><br>
<p>Szyndzielnia (1,028 m)</p><br>
<p>Muronka (1,021 m)</p><br>
<p>Jaworzyna (1,020 m)</p><br>
<p>Kościelec (1,019 m)</p><br>
<p>Czantoria Wielka (995 m) - the highest mountain of the Czech part of the range</p><br>
<p>Kiczory (990 m)</p><br>
<p>Stożek Wielki (978 m)</p><br>
<p>Les Pierres de Lecq  or the Paternosters are a group of uninhabitable rocks or a reef in the Bailiwick of Jersey between Jersey and Sark, 6 km north of Grève de Lecq in Saint Mary, and 22.4 km west of the Cotentin Peninsula in Normandy.</p><br>
<p>Only three of the rocks remain visible at high tide: L&#39;Êtaîthe (the eastern one), La Grôsse (the big one) and La Vouêtaîthe (the western one). The area has one of the greatest tidal ranges in the world, sometimes being as much as 12 metres.</p><br>
<p>The name Paternosters is connected with a legend relating to the colonisation of Sark in the 16th century. According to this legend a boatload of women and children was wrecked on the reef and their cries can still be heard from time to time in the wind. Superstitious sailors would say the Lord&#39;s Prayer when passing the rocks, hence the name Paternosters.</p><br>
<p>The rocks are a Ramsar site, and support a variety of small cetaceans including dolphins. It is considered to form a biogeographical boundary.</p><br>
<h2>Names of the rocks</h2><br>
<p>All of the names are in Jèrriais</p><br>
<p>L&#39;Êtchièrviéthe</p><br>
<p>La Rocque du Nord</p><br>
<p>LÊtaîse or LÊtaîthe</p><br>
<p>Lé Bel</p><br>
<p>Lé Longis</p><br>
<p>La P&#39;tite Mathe</p><br>
<p>La Grôsse (Great Rock)</p><br>
<p>La Grand&#39; Mathe</p><br>
<p>La Greune dé Lé, or La Bonnette</p><br>
<p>La Greune du Seur-Vouêt</p><br>
<p>L&#39;Orange</p><br>
<p>La Vouêtaîse, La Vouêtaîthe, or La Vouêt&#39;rêsse</p><br>
<p>La Cappe</p><br>
<p>La Douoche</p><br>
<p>Lé Byi</p><br>
<p>La Rocque Mollet</p><br>
<p>L&#39;Êtché au Nord-Vouêt</p><br>
<p>La Galette</p><br>
<p>La Briarde</p><br>
<p>La Sprague</p><br>
<p>La Niêthole Jean Jean or Lé Gouoillot</p><br>
<p>Leptokarya  is a town in Pieria regional unit, Central Macedonia, Greece, former seat of East Olympos municipality, which is part of the municipality of Dio-Olympos. The distance from Katerini is 26 km and the population of the village was 4,225 inhabitants as of 2011.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Lies on the coast of Aegean Sea, under the Mount Olympos. It is located near ancient Leivithra, allegedly the home of Orpheus, major figure in the Greek Mythology. Since the major events and customs in the town is the revival of division of Orpheus.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>Leptokarya is a popular tourist destination during the summer months due to its beaches, as well as due to its proximity to Mount Olympus. The town also features the Olympus Geological History Museum.</p><br>
<p>Hutcliff Wood and Marriott Wood are two areas of ancient woodland in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. They occupy the steep southeastern side of the Abbeydale valley between Archer Road and Abbey Lane, separated by the River Sheaf and the railway line from Millhouses Park. Hutcliffe Wood Road divides the two areas of woodland, Hutcliff Wood to the west and Marriott Wood to the east.</p><br>
<p>In the past, the woods have been managed with the coppice-with-standards technique for the production of charcoal, and ganister is also believed to have been mined in this area. Both of these products were used by local industry. The woods are currently made up of mature deciduous trees, and are currently managed by Sheffield City Council for the benefit of wildlife and public recreation. Several public footpaths run through the woods.</p><br>
<p>Ognenny Ostrov  is a small lake island in the central Russian Vologda region. It hosts a high security prison for formerly condemned and other dangerous inmates called Vologodskiy Pyatak or simply Pyatak . Ognenny Ostrov is located about 400 kilometers north of Moscow, on Lake Novozero.</p><br>
<p>A Russian Orthodox monastery was founded on this island in 1517 by St Cyril of Novozero after he witnessed "a column of fire" hitting the island. The monastery buildings were used as a backdrop in the 1973 Vasily Shukshin movie Red Roses and in some stories by Russian writer Alexandr Yashin.</p><br>
<p>Following the October Revolution in 1917, the monastery was converted into a prison to hold “enemies of the revolution”. During the 1930s and 1940s it functioned as a penal colony for victims of the purges of Joseph Stalin. After Stalin&#39;s death in 1953, it was turned into a regular prison for non-political dangerous criminals.</p><br>
<p>In 1997, the prison was converted into a facility housing only prisoners serving life sentences and those formerly sentenced to death; the latter group had their sentences commuted to life following the 1996 moratorium on the death penalty in Russia. The prison, formally known as Prison No. OE 256/5 (ФКУ ИК-5) – and “Pyatak” amongst the inmates (named after the last digit of the formal name) - currently holds approximately 193 prisoners.</p><br>
<p>The penitentiary, part of the Federal Penitentiary Service, is in the Belozersky District, Vologda Oblast, about 460 km north of Moscow.</p><br>
<p>Some experts say the prison is more comfortable and the guards less cruel compared to other Russian prisons housing lifers.</p><br>
<p>A useful Western description of the prison states: "In a country where brutality and hopelessness are common currency, Petak is as bad as it gets. There is none of the communal fighting, rape and drunkenness common in some Russian prisons, but the regime is so unbending and inhuman that it eventually crushes even the toughest inmates.", "Each prisoner is kept in a small two-man cell for 22.5 hours a day, every day. For an hour and a half they stand, or pace like predatory animals, in a small cage outside.", "There are no lavatories, no proper washing facilities and you spend your whole life in a cell.", and, longest of all:</p><br>
<p>"There is no way anyone can spend 25 years in a place like this without being psychologically destroyed. The homosexuals are the ones who come off best - at least they are not starved of physical and emotional contact."</p><br>
<p>There are only two ways into and out of Petak: by foot along two rickety wooden bridges, or by prison boat. Armed guards stand at watch towers on each corner of the building. German shepherds are kept in a special pound.</p><br>
<p>In stark contrast to the grim brutality inside, the White Lake surrounding Petak is one of Russias most beautiful. Gulls fly overhead, the water is rich with fish and the trees and bushes are reflected in the shimmering water. Vasily Smirnoff, the head guard, said: "There are prisons in Russia where the prisoners are in control, where even the governor has to consult with the head criminal before he can do anything, but not here. Here were the bosses.</p><br>
<p>"Of course sometimes I worry about sending my guys into a room with only a notebook and CS gas against some of the toughest guys on earth. But nobody&#39;s ever escaped. If they dig they hit water. If they try to swim the guards will shoot them."</p><br>
<p>For the first 10 years of a mans sentence he is allowed two visits a year, of two hours each. After that he can have two long visits and two short visits. But by the time a decade has passed most men have lost contact with their families, who often live many days travel away. Parcels are allowed twice a year.</p><br>
<p>Half the prisoners have tuberculosis, and at least two are clinically insane. When men die, their bodies are taken to a small graveyard nearby and buried in the presence of one or two of the guards. No prisoners can attend.</p><br>
<p>Misbehaving prisoners are sent to punishment cells to be locked in a small, dark room with only a metal bucket and a fold-down bed for 15 days. No books are allowed. In the daytime the bed is stowed and they must stand, or sit on a tiny wooden perch a few inches wide.</p><br>
<p>The pens are very small and only the most determined stay in good physical condition."</p><br>
<h2>Media</h2><br>
<p>Three Days and Never Again (Last Visit). Video. 53 minutes. Director: Alexsandr Goutman, 1998.</p><br>
<p>The Church of the Madonna is a Roman Catholic church in Fort Lee, Bergen County, New Jersey, United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The land upon which Madonna Church now stands was part of one of the first grants bordering the New Jersey Palisades. Given to Samuel Moore by British Army Major John Berry in 1726, this land remained in the Moore family&#39;s possession until 1829. As county records indicate, Jacob Riley purchased it and started construction on the chapel, which was subsequently completed by Henry James Anderson in 1854. A few years later, a rectory was erected at the rear of the church.</p><br>
<p>Reverend John Joseph Hughes, the first Archbishop of New York, appointed Father A. Cauvin pastor of the Fort Lee Mission in 1851, a position which Father Cauvin held until 1859 when he delegated his work to an assistant, Reverend Annelli. This decade saw the Catholics from Hackensack and Lodi gather weekly at Fort Lee for Holy Mass and spiritual instruction.</p><br>
<p>The most important individual in the young churchs history was a layman, Henry James Anderson, whose remains lie beneath the churchs floor with his wife and son. While seeing to the church&#39;s completion, Anderson, a convert to Catholicism, served as a surgeon and as professor of astronomy and mathematics at Columbia College in New York City. His energy and persistence won Madonna her first resident priest, Father Cauvin. The author of various scientific tracts, Anderson died suddenly while gathering information for one of these in Hindustan during exploration of the Himalayas, October 19, 1875.</p><br>
<p>The Star Range is an 8-mile  long, small mountain range located in central Beaver County, Utah. The range is "star" shaped as small ridges end at peaks, like fingers of a hand. Another adjacent range sequence southwest, the Shauntie Hills has other fingers of the star-shape.</p><br>
<p>Both ranges slope north towards flatlands south of the Sevier Lake region, (southwest Sevier Desert), and San Francisco Mountains. The south flank of the Star Range lies at the northeast perimeter of the Escalante Desert; Milford Valley, the site of Milford and a north-flowing stretch of the Beaver River (Sevier River), lies adjacent, and east of the range, a narrowing valley stretch with the Mineral Mountains bordering to the east.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The range is only about 8-mi long. and trends southwest by northeast.</p><br>
<p>The highpoint of the range is Topache Peak, in the center-southeast bordering the Escalante Desert, at 6,880 ft).</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Access to the northeast or south side of the Star Range is by way of Utah State Route 21, from Milford, or Upton. Utah 21 turns due-west at Milford and crosses the north foothills of the range. The northwest side of the range can be accessed from the same route, (farther west), by way of The Big Wash, which drain washes from the northwest foothills. Utah 21 goes to the southeast flank of the San Francisco Mountains, about 13-mi from Milford.</p><br>
<p>The Adams County Courthouse is a Neoclassical brick building in Friendship, Adams County, Wisconsin. Designed by Arthur Peabody, it was completed in 1914. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 for its architectural significance in Adams County.</p><br>
<p>By the early 1900s, Adams County&#39;s previous courthouse in Friendship needed replacement, and in 1912 the County Board approved architectural plans for a new courthouse. At the time though, there was a rivalry between the villages of Friendship and nearby Adams. In a 1913 vote on the $30,000 bond to build the courthouse, Friendship voted overwhelmingly for, and Adams overwhelmingly against. The total support was sufficient and the project went ahead.</p><br>
<p>In 1913, the old wooden courthouse was torn down and replaced with the current brick courthouse. George Kieke was the chief construction engineer. Arthur Peabody, the UW&#39;s supervising architect at the time, designed the modest building in the Neoclassical style that somewhat recalls a Roman or Greek temple, with four colossal pilasters supporting an entablature inscribed Adams County.</p><br>
<p>One hundred years later, the courthouse is still used for public offices, and is still a central landmark in the village of Friendship.</p><br>
<p>Athirappilly Falls, is situated in Athirappilly Panchayat, Chalakudy Taluk,Thrissur District of Kerala, India on the Chalakudy River, which originates from the upper reaches of the Western Ghats at the entrance to the Sholayar ranges.It is the largest waterfall in Kerala, which stands tall at 80 feet. Just a short drive from Athirapally to the Vazhachal falls, which is close to dense green forests that are home to many endangered and endemic species of flora and fauna.</p><br>
<p>There is another waterfall on the way from Athirappilly to Vazhachal Falls, in close proximity to the road, which is locally called "Charpa Falls". Athirappilly Falls is the largest waterfall in Kerala and is nicknamed "The Niagara of India".</p><br>
<p>Controversy about a state-proposed hydroelectric dam on the Chalakudy River above the waterfalls began in the 1990s and continued through 2017.</p><br>
<h2>River</h2><br>
<p>The 145 km long Chalakudy River, originates in the Anamudi mountains of the Western Ghats and flows through the Vazhachal Forest toward the Arabian Sea. The river initially runs smoothly but becomes more turbulent as it nears Athirapilly. At Athirappilly Falls, the water surges around big rocks and cascades down in three separate plumes. Below the falls, the river remains turbulent for about 1 km until it reaches Kannamkuzhi. Then it calms and flows smoothly until reaching the dam at Thumburmuzhi.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>Forest wildlife in the area includes the Asiatic elephant, tiger, leopard, bison, sambar, and lion-tailed macaque. The unique 180 m elevation riparian forest in the Athirappilly-Vazhachal area is the only location where all four South Indian species of hornbills — the great hornbill (the state bird of Kerala), Malabar pied hornbill, Malabar grey hornbill, and the Indian grey hornbill are found living together. If the proposed 163-MW Athirappilly hydroelectric project is built, these unique birds may vanish from these forests because it will submerge the hornbills&#39; habitat.</p><br>
<p>Plantations in the area contain teak, bamboo, and eucalyptus. Environmentalists claim that Athirappilly is a one-of its-kind riparian ecosystem in Kerala. V.S. Vijayan, Chairman of the Kerala State Biodiversity Board and former Director of the Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History (SACON), Coimbatore, has been quoted in Down to Earth magazine as affirming that the Vazhachal forest division is the second most biodiverse area in the State. The International Bird Association has declared it an ‘Important Bird Area and the Asian Nature Conservation Foundation has recommended that the area should be declared a sanctuary or a national park, he points out. The Wildlife Trust of India says it represents one of Indias best elephant conservation efforts. “Any disruption to this fragile ecosystem will spell disaster,” says Vijayan.</p><br>
<p>The river provides habitat for 85 species of fresh water fishes. Among these, 35 are endemic species.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>The railway station nearest Athirappilly Falls is to the west in Chalakudi Railway Station, and the nearest airport is Kochi International Airport, about southwest of the waterfall and south of City of Thrissur. Athirappilly is easily reachable from Chalakudy by taxi or by bus from the Chalakudy private bus terminal. Athirappilly is situated on the highways connecting Tamil Nadu and Kerala, amidst thick forest, so night riding is not advised.</p><br>
<p>The journey from Chalakudy to the Athirappilly Falls passes through a landscape of winding roads, small villages and lush green trees. Visitors can reach the top of the waterfall via a paved path that leads through thick bamboo clusters. A steep narrow path also leads to the bottom of the falls. The falls attract visitors from across India, especially during the monsoon months (June–September). About 7 million tourists visit the falls and the Vazhachal picnic spot each year.</p><br>
<h2>Jungle safari</h2><br>
<p>Daily jungle safari trips are organized by Thrissur District Tourism Promotion Council with Athirappilly Destination Management Counci from Chalakudy to Malakkappara.</p><br>
<h2>Movies</h2><br>
<p>The scenic beauty of Athirappilly falls has always been attractive to filmmakers. It has been used as a location for several Malayalam films.</p><br>
<p>Some of the major films with scenes around the falls are:</p><br>
<p>A major portion of the 1986 Tamil movie Punnagai Mannan was shot near the falls, the falls itself playing a role in it. It made the falls so popular in Tamil Nadu that it got the nickname "Punnagai Mannan Falls".</p><br>
<p>The falls were featured in Mani Ratnam&#39;s Bollywood film Dil Se., starring Shahrukh Khan, Manisha Koirala, and Preity Zinta, and featuring the song "Jiya jale".</p><br>
<p>The 2007 Bollywood movie Guru used Athirappilly Falls as one of its locations. Rajiv Menon, the cinematographer of the movie, chose the falls as a background for the song "Barso Re".</p><br>
<p>The falls are also famous as a site location for "Narumugaye Narumugaye", a song from the Tamil film Iruvar, acted by Mohanlal and actress Aishwarya Rai.</p><br>
<p>This waterfall is also a major location for songs like "Behne de" and most scenes in the Hindi film Raavan and Tamil film Raavanan.</p><br>
<p>The song "Adada Mazhaida" from Paiyaa featuring Karthi and Tamannaah was shot in this location.</p><br>
<p>The song from Kannathil Muthamittal of the same name was shot here.</p><br>
<p>The song "Kurukku Siruthavale" from Mudhalvan starring Arjun and Manisha Koirala, and "Chalo Chalain Mitwa" from its 2001 remake Nayak, starring Anil Kapoor and Rani Mukerji</p><br>
<p>The song "Sunta hai tera khuda" from Pukar, starring Anil Kapoor</p><br>
<p>The song "Achi lagti ho" from Kuch Naa Kaho</p><br>
<p>Sirf Tum, starring Sanjay Kapoor and Sushmita Sen</p><br>
<p>Songs from Saaya (2003), starring John Abraham</p><br>
<p>A scene from Madras Cafe starring John Abraham</p><br>
<p>A few scenes in the Hindi movie Agyaat</p><br>
<p>A scene from the Tamil movie Villu</p><br>
<p>The song "Rosappoo chinna rosappoo" from Suryavamsam</p><br>
<p>"Arjuna Arjuna", a song featuring Sarathkumar and Namitha in the movie Aei, was shot here.</p><br>
<p>The song "Baarish" and climax scenes from Yaariyan (2014)</p><br>
<p>The song "Oru kannil vegam" from Samar (2013)</p><br>
<p>The song "Oh kamini" and a scene from Rang Rasiya</p><br>
<p>The Telugu movie Brindavanam (2010)</p><br>
<p>The song "Egire Mabbullona" from Happy (2006), Telugu and Malayalam</p><br>
<p>The song "Ayyo Ayyo Dhanayya" from Ready (2008)</p><br>
<p>Scenes from the Tamil movie Alex Pandian</p><br>
<p>The song "Aaayi re aayi re khushi" from Khushi (2003, Hindi), starring Kareena Kapoor</p><br>
<p>The title song of the Hindi movie Chura Liyaa Hai Tumne</p><br>
<p>The song "Vaana Chinukulu" from the Telugu movie Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu</p><br>
<p>The English movie Before the Rains (2007)</p><br>
<p>The English movie Pirate&#39;s Blood (2008)</p><br>
<p>Scenes from the Malayalam movie Cousins</p><br>
<p>Scenes and a song from Baahubali, India&#39;s biggest motion picture, a 2015 Telugu movie</p><br>
<p>The Tamil movie Puli (2015)</p><br>
<p>"Rock On Bro", a song from Janatha Garage (2016, Telugu)</p><br>
<h2>Hydroelectric project</h2><br>
<p>In 1994, the Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB) proposed a 163 megawatt Athirappilly Hydro Electric Project. It was to include a dam high and wide on the Chalakudy River in the Vazhachal Forest Division about upstream of Athirappilly Falls and upstream of Vazhachal Rapids (Vazhachal Falls). However, environmental groups and peoples collectives opposed the project on grounds that it would damage the environment, infringe on human rights, and threaten tourism. Though it was not their main concern, critics also noted that if the entire course of the river were diverted to make electricity, the Athirappilly-Vazhachal waterfalls could dry up. To avoid damaging the falls, the KSEB proposed adjusting the water releases to maintain the falls. The debate continued in 2007. Environmentalists also expressed concern over whether the proposed hydroelectric project at Athirappilly waterfalls would lead to displacement and eventual extinction of the primitive tribal group, Kadars,&#39; in the area.</p><br>
<p>In 2005, the Kerala Ministry of Environment and Forests approved the project on the basis of a report by Water and Power Consultancy Services (India) Ltd. (WAPCOS), an environmental impact assessment (EIA) agency. In 2006, the Kerala High Court quashed the clearance and ordered another public hearing. The debate continued the following years.</p><br>
<p>On 29th Jan 2011, the chairman of the Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel (WGEEP) Madhav Gadgil opined that the Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) of the Athirappilly hydel power project was not properly carried out and 70% of it is bogus. The panel, appointed by the Union Ministry of Environment and Forests, was asked to look into and give recommendations on various projects in the Western Ghats such as the hydroelectric projects in Gundiya in Karnataka and Athirappilly in Kerala and the overall development projects in Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg districts of Maharashtra. Gadgil said that the proposed Athirappilly hydro-electric project cannot be approved until the Forest Rights Act is implemented in its true spirit for the Kadar tribal community of the area and also no comprehensive study had been carried out so far on the natural riparian forest vegetation along the Western Ghats.</p><br>
<p>On 14th Jun 2011, Union Minister for Environment and Forests Jairam Ramesh said his ministry would not grant approval to the Athirappilly hydro electric project.</p><br>
<p>Business Standard, June 14, 2011. The minister also stated “When states are denied such projects on larger and long-term environmental considerations, they are entitled to some sort of green bonus,”</p><br>
<p>The first part of WGEEP report was submitted to the Ministry on August 31.The Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel (WGEEP), on Sep 6th 2011 recommended to the Union Ministry of Environment and Forests against granting permission to carry out any construction activities at the sensitive Athirappilly-Vazhachal region. The panel, which submitted its report to Union Environment Minister Jayanti Natarajan in the capital, named Athirappilly as one of the 18 eco-sensitive localities (ESL) in the state.</p><br>
<p>But K. Radhakrishnan, a former member (generation), KSEB, has opined that this panel report was highly biased with vested interests and the project was eco-friendly doing minimum damage to environment and forests. While there are reports from renowned experts from Kerala State Biodiversity Board that the power project would adversely affect the ecology of the area and the estimated power output would be dependable upon the rainfall and dry summer seasons, which is undependable in its own way. M. Sivasankar, a KSEB chairman and MD states the need of more environment-friendly power projects with lower operating cost and higher output like super critical boiler plants. Cheemeni Power Project which is planned to produce 1500 MW is such a project in the government binders.</p><br>
<p>Toquepala Caves are located near Toquepala mine, about 154 km from the city of Tacna, in the extreme southeast of Peru. They are notable for a number of rock paintings. The best known of them is the cave named Abrigo del Diablo .</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Situated in the western Andes, they are in the Moquegua Region of the Osmore River. Located at an elevation of 2,200 m (2,800 m is also mentioned in another source), they are two small caves each 15 x in size, with a depth of 5 m. The two Toquepala Caves in the high Sierra are located near the Quebrada Cimarron or along the Rio Locumba, which is a dry stream flowing from the Sierra to the desert. The best known of the caves is "Abrigo del Diablo".</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The caves were seasonally occupied. The art attained its peak when the Collawa ethnic group lived here during the Paleolithic or Stone Age period. Archaeological research in the region revolved around the Asana site, as well as the Middle Horizon (500-1000AD) and the lower valley pre-Hispanic sites. Important archaic caves discovered in the Osmore River Basin were the Toquepala Caves. This cave became famous after copper was found in the valley and South Peru Copper Corporation started exploration of the Cuajone mines. The cave was studied in 1963 at the initiative of South Peru Copper Corporation. They found a large cache of artifacts during their mining operations and funded the study of the paintings in the caves by archeologists from Lima.) The team was led by Jorge C. Muelle, Director of the Museo Nacional de Arqueología, Antropología e Historia del Perú which resulted in the discovery of the rupestral art (drawings inscribed on rocks in the caves).</p><br>
<p>The detailed exploration of the caves was undertaken by Roger Ravines of the Museo Nacional de Arqueología, Antropología e Historia del Perú in 1965. Excavations from a pit dug to a depth of 1.8 m was subject to radio carbon testing. The investigations revealed pre-ceramic habitation of the caves dated to 7,650 BC (10,000 BC is also mentioned). In one pit, remnants of paints along with brush wood were found at the same depth. He published his findings in 1965. During the investigations, a fence was erected around the caves to prevent intruders from vandalizing the rock paintings. In spite of this measure there were incidents of surreptitious entry to the caves in which some of the rock paintings were damaged. Since then stronger security fencing has been arranged.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>The caves have rock art of gatherer-hunters who are inferred to have lived in the caves about 10,000 years ago. There are more than 50 rock paintings drawn by the inhabitants of the caves of the Palaeolithic age of which 30 were studied. These scenes depict armed men hunting the guanaco cameloid and Andean religious symbols. The figures drawn are of animals, predominantly guanacos (cameloids). The scene depicted is of hunting by the humans who are corralling and killing a group of guanacos. The humans are in a posture of attacking the animals with axe, lances, and spear throwers. However, bow and arrow are not part of these scenes of rock art. They are painted in seven colours. Red was the dominant colour; yellow and green are also mentioned. The paint was made from hematite.</p><br>
